The Writing Of The Constitution - 1351 Words

After the Revolutionary War and overthrow of the British government within the colonies, a sense of national sovereignty echoed throughout the people. When the colonist realized their first attempt at a governing document: the Articles of Confederation, was not sufficient as a strong means of regulation by the national government, a Constitutional Convention was called in order to amend the Articles to be more efficient. Instead, the 55 state representatives decided an entirely new document would do a better job of governing the states. By constructing this document, James Madison hoped to establish a country that worked â€Å"in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense,†¦show more content†¦The British were still thought to win considering they previously beat the French in the French and Indian war, they had the most powerful military as well as the largest world empire. Countless battles were fough t between the British and colonists and as the war came to a close, the colonist came out on top with the most significant victory of the time. As a new nation, building a governing system capable of ruling was easier said than done. The first attempt at a governing document for the United States was the Articles of Confederation. The Articles gave each state complete independence and gave the national government little power to regulate commerce and trade. Article II of the Articles of Confederation states, â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled† . In addition, the plan for state representation within the federal government was as follows, â€Å"In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote.† This idea was flawed because no matter the size, representation or population, each state had the same voice within the national government. This resulted in many douts regarding issues such as land w hich had been won as a result of the war. Since the national

English Reflection - 722 Words

The first three months of this school year was a roller coaster ride. We have several new students with different levels of English proficiency. At first I don’t know how I will cater them or even approach them knowing that having been comfortable with the previous students who are knowledgeable with the language then here comes the new students. They may only be one or few of them in the classroom, but still their presence is still significant in the success of the class. I am blessed to have students who are not only willing to help me but more so to help their friends to be able to learn and understand the things in the classroom. Translators in my room are everywhere. I guess when you give them rules for the first time, it will really†¦show more content†¦They are excited to show what they prepared with their classmates. Some of them, especially the higher level, they feel shy or anxious whenever its their performance or their work is being shown in class. Well it s normal, knowing that their sense of consciousness grows as they mature. The number of students now is growing with different learning styles and behaviors. Having them in a class is really a combination of patience and understanding. I do admit that some of the students who are new in the language are quite hesitant to speak up ending up being the tail of the class. Nevertheless, I still try to push them to at least try. I gave them opportunity to be the leader of the group or asked them to read the things written in the board or smartboard. I know that this part of learning will take some time but with perseverance everything can be possible. I already heard some of them speaking English with their friends. On the other hand, having a mix of the classes for this school year is also a test. Seeing them settled and well-behave last year is not a picture for some of the classes. Despite the fact that teachers are strict, still some are going beyond the limit. But as what we always s ay, at the end of the day, they are still kids who are still learning and exploring. I am just positive as the year progress, so as theShow MoreRelatedReflection For English Class870 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I enrolled in English 101. I was happy and excited that I have one more class away from finishing English class for the rest of my school years. The objective of the course was to make us better writers, and I certainly have improved. I learned what makes a paper good or bad, what makes it easier to write a good paper, and how the manner that the class is held makes a difference. Then, I thought they were good because of the grades I got. Now, I find myself working over twice as hard forRead MoreEnglish Reflection901 Words   |  4 PagesAs a kid in high school I considered my least favorite subject to be English. I was never a very good reader or writer so my specific set of skills, or lack thereof, never really translated to very good grades. I would do enough to get by, but I never really attempted to get any better. I even went so far as to take my senior year of English in summer school in an attempt to get it out of the way early and not have to deal with the headache in my final year. After I finished high school I took aRead MoreEnglish Reflection924 Words   |  4 Pagesbegin our Shakespeare research, I wrote a biography on Shakespeare with the help of my index cards packed with useful information. Soon after learning about Shakespeare’s life, we began to read his plays, which introduced us to a new form of the english language. Despite all the research I did on Shakespeare’s plays, we also learned how to annotate and reflect on an articles. The articles annotated on were based on multiple statistics, experts and organizations. After annotating the articles we wouldRead MoreEnglish Reflection1351 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, English 10 has by far been my best experience in writing. By taking this course I have retrieved many helpful elements, that will help me become a successful writer throughout college. In high school, essays often gave me stress and anxiety, however, when taking English 10, I was able to learn to enjoy the process of writing purposefully and mindfully. Even though, I have taken advanced placement English courses in high school and have taken a practice run of college level English over theRead MoreEnglish Reflection1127 Words   |  5 PagesPersonally, I have always loved English classes, but no other instructor has taught me the true meaning of the subject the way Dr. Teller has. I glance back at my first minor assignment and I read my main goals for the course of English 1. I am proud to say I have accomplished my missions with the help of Dr. Teller and his â€Å"survival guide† I can say I survived English 1. My greatest worry was the works cited pages because I never understood the importance in giving credit to the authors. In additionRead MoreEnglish Reflection835 Wo rds   |  4 PagesBefore I stepped foot into my English 1303 class, I had assumed that it would’ve been a class that I was not fond off. Within high school, English was never one of my strong points; so when college started I did not really know what to expect. Most of the time during high school, I would never really give much thought into how my essays were written, I just wrote them to get it over with. Within high school English classes, I had never experienced any sort of connection with the pieces that I hadRead MoreEnglish Reflection1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the next step. College is no different than kindergarten through senior year there are classes that the student is required to take in order to move on and be better prepped for what is to come. English Composition 1 is one of the classes almost every college student is required to take. Now English has never been my strong suite personally, but rather science and math. I do however agree with most of the re asoning behind making it a required class. The class will not only help become more professionalRead More Personal Narrative: Reflections on 7th grade English Class Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesto the beginning of 7th grade English class I now realized of all the great things I have accomplished this year for English class. I am proud of how hard I worked this year and how my English has gotten better. I am proud to have been part of Ms Ds English class and she is a phenomenal teacher. I think that one day I will be able to work as a English teacher like Ms D or I will become a journalist. Although I must say that when I first entered English class I had so many differentRead MoreReflection Paper In English937 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch as my brain capacity can endure is my ultimate goal in life. School is not just a chore, it is a necessity to further me into the future. English class, specifically the writing portion has evolved my understanding of persuasive li terature and how to explain my thoughts on paper for an audience to understand. Throughout the first semester of KCC English I have improved my essays from small to large mistakes. Overlooking my first draft of the Cause and Effect, I have realized I am growing as aRead MoreReflection Paper In English1063 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish is a terrible subject. We learn it the day we start school in kindergarten and all the way till the end of high school and possibly college. English composition is a completely unavoidable subject and not everyone likes learning about things such as grammar, writing, and reading comprehension. It is one of those subjects that many students just want to get it over with as quickly as possible. On the other hand, students need to realize the English composition classes offer a lot more benefits

Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification Free Essays

Marx class theory derived from his belief that class divisions are not found in all forms of society; classes are a creation of history. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by firstly, who owns or has property and means of production and who does the work in the production process, secondly the social relationships included in work and labour, and thirdly who produces and who rules the surplus human social labour can produce. All of these aspects of Marx class theory will be further explored in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marx believed that class divisions are not found in all societies, classes are a creation of history. The earliest and smallest societies (tribal and primitive) were classless. It is universally true that all human beings depend on the quest of meeting their basic needs – food, water, shelter and clothing. In these primitive societies, the working day was taken up with required labour in order to meet society’s basic needs and forces of production were distributed equally amongst the community. But when basic needs are met, this leads to man’s creation of new needs, as humans are forever dissatisfied animals. Marx defines human beings as producers (Callinicos, A, p. 98, 1996). Humans seek to transform nature to enable them to meet their needs and do this through two different mode of production. The first ‘forces of production’ which depends on what Marx calls the ‘labour process’. ‘‘Labour is first of all a process between man and nature, a process by which man, though his own actions, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature’’ (C I 283). The relations of production is the social aspect, which involves the property rights of the productive forces, it is what distinguishes the modes of production for one another. Improvements in the labour force are determined by if man is able to produce the same amount of things but with less human labour. By been able to produce more effectively, therefore meant man gains more control over nature. Thus the developments of the labour process are a reflection of human technology (Callinicos, A, p. 8, 1996) and Marx believed that the developments of science and technology in society provide a basis on which future societies can build upon. Although Marx never said in so many words what he meant by class, his theory lies on the statement that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. ’’ That once beyond primitive socities no labour can exist without means of production, which is who controls the direct producers. The central classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Class divisions arise in society when the direct producers are separated from the means of production. The means of production, the bourgeoisie, become the monopoly of a minority and use exploitation and domination in relation to the producers, the proletariat. Marx looks at the working day in a class society and identies how capital exploits labour wage. During the first half of the day the worker produces goods in which he is paid to but during the second part of the day the worker performs surplus labour. Surplus labour is generated by how much labour time is left over after the employer has made back the equivalent of the cost of the wages of the labourer. The profit of this surplus labour is too small though to improve everyone’s standard of living, so it is taken by the minority who control the means of production. Marx decscribes four main types of class societies: Asiatic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois, ‘‘the distinction between for example a society based on slave labour and a society based on wage labour – is the form in which this surplus labour is in each case exploited from the immediate producer, the worker’’ (C I 325). The practice of exploitation depends on the distribution of the means of production. In the case of slavery , it seems all the slaves labour is surplus labour , he is not permitted to any of his product. But the slave has to be kept alive in order to gain surplus power, therefore a proportion of the slaves wages is set aside to provide him his basic needs. In feudalism society, the peasant may have owned his animals and tools, but did not own the land he works on, therefore must divide his labour time between the work that needed to be done in order to provide for himself and his family and surplus labour for his lord. In both these mode of production, slavery and feudalism, exploitation is clearly visible and physical consequences are evident without question. However in capitalism exploitation is concealed. The worker is legally free, as he has volunteered to partake in the labour process. Marx wrote that workers are ‘‘ free in a double sense , free from the old relations of clientship, bondage and servitude, and secondly free of all belongings and possessions, and of every objective, material form of being, free of all property’’ (G 507). By not selling his labour power to the capitalist, the workers only other option is starvation. The means of production use economic pressures as a means of control over workers, not physical actions. Thus once the employer has employed the workers, he makes them work longer hours than necessary, creating surplus labour. In the case of feudalism, after centuries new methods of producing began to develop. But releasing these new methods worked against the ruling class–in the framework of the prior form of exploitation and the â€Å"legal and political superstructure† that had arisen out of it. This clash between the new opportunities and the structure of the previous order, was in severe crisis. Without new developments, the existing means of producing was not able to sustain any more development in the population, the Black Death followed, causing horrific events such as famines and disease and violence. The previous ways of shaping society and furthering the mode of production were brought to a halt. Marx foresaw that there could be revolution in society abolishing classes altogether. Then begins an epoch of social revolution,† , Marx wrote. Yet the ruling class were still dominating the workers, even though the mode of production had self-destructed. The ruling class dominates not only the way production is carried on, but all the other organizations and relations in society, whose structure aids the exploiters, control their power. As Marx explained, all class societies create a legal, political and ideological â€Å"superstructure† which functions to control the existing relations of production and guard the rulers from the ruled. But an important tool for the ruling class to persuade the working class is ideology– schemes of ideas that depict the recognized order as natural and positive to everyone, whatever its undeniable faults. Marx believed that the workers did not realise they were been exploited, had a false consciousness, mistaken sense that they could count on their employer. He believed that ideologies help sustain the ruling class, by giving misleading views to people about the world in order to exploit others about their position in society. It caused people to form mistaken views about the nature of society in order to keep the existing mode of production in action. Because the dominant or ruling class rules the social relations of production, the central ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Marx theory of class consciousness was an idea how to make members of a class aware that they have a common situation and interests and, moreover, are able to organize a collective defence of those interests (Elster, J, p128, Intro to Karl Marx). Marx saw that there were many logics why the proletariat would develop into a class that is conscious of its own status, power, obligations, and prospects. The objective condition of a class subsists because of its position in the productive process. Possession or non-possession of the means of production, place in the labour process, and the control over surplus regulate this. However a class such as the bourgeoisie or proletariat, may be unaware of this position, or in any case the effects of this position. Marx believed there would be a revolution, the workers would come together and rise up and fight to abolish the class system. Once everything had calmed down after the revolution, the proletariat would then own the means of production. He believed that no dominating class would exist and everything would be owned equally amongst society. He thought that if the working class were to take control of the means of production, they would inspire social relations that would help everyone proportionately, and an organization of production less at risk to repeated crises. Overall, Marx believed that nonviolent compromise of this issue was unrealistic, and prearranged and violent revolution would be necessary, because the dominating class would not surrender control without a fight. He speculated that in order to secure the socialist system, a dictatorship of the proletariat must be generated on a provisional foundation. Marx’s forethought of a revolution did not come true. As societies developed and expanded, the working classes grew to be more educated, obtaining detailed job skills and accomplishing the type of financial welfare that Marx never thought achievable. How to cite Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification, Essay examples

Talks Against Motion And Refutes Statement â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Talks Against Motion And Refutes Statement? Answer: Introducation The topic of the present debate on a nursing ethical issue is People who abuse drugs and alcohol should be denied access to intensive care units. The present paper talks against the motion and refutes the statement, aiming to establish a standpoint that people who abuse drugs and alcohol must not be denied access to intensive care units. As the instances of patients with alcohol or substance abuse being brought to intensive care units (ICU) are increasing, there is a growing concern around their admission. Intensive care units are the specialised treatment units where patients suffering from acute medical conditions are brought in for treatment; such a unit is to provide life support and decrease the chances of mortality. It is evident that saving the life of the patient is the priority under such circumstances and there is no denial of this. Speaking on humanitarian ground, no human has the right to deny care being given to an individual irrespective of what his condition is in relation to drug or alcohol abuse (Luce White, 2009). As per the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, everyone has the right to be able to access health care (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2012). Moreover, since treatment of this concern is operations in the present era, it is not a challenge to guide the patient to change his substance depen dency once he is discharged from the ICU (Ulrich, 2014). ICUs deliver potential benefit at massive public cost, and thus the interventions rendered must be considered as symbols of promise. Patient autonomy and fundamental rights to access to care stand against the chances of potential harm being done to others if patients with alcohol and substance abuse are admitted to ICUs. Though patient might be a concern due to multi-faceted issues, their primary right to autonomy cannot be suspended (Medrano et al., 2014). If patients are denied admission to ICUs, the communitys trust on the care givers will loose out. Admission of such patient might be a reason for harm to others, but it is to be noted that there is no certainty that such harm would be done. The mere probability of causing harm to others must not take over the need to save the life of the patient. Protection of common good does not justify the abridgement of individual rights (Mulaudzi et al., 2010). The second aspect that draws the attention is that insurance companies are not willing to pay for the medical expenses for such patient. This can be disproved by the fact that health insurers must rely on the evidence-based standards of patient care and consider the right level of coverage, the right combination of treatment and the right site of coverage. Insurance companies often stop paying, and the healthcare centres are to discharge the patients before the complete treatment is done. However, if the family members are notified that the patient is half-treated, is it clear, on morale and human grounds, that the family members would arrange for the medical expenses under any circumstances. They would go out of their way to arrange for the expenses so that the treatment is complete. The medical facilities are not to depend solely on the medical insurance companies for the expenses. A bill is to be passed that would force the companies to approve authorisation of substance abuse car e. It would need all policies to provide medical coverage economics for alcohol and drug abuse services as thought necessary by the care unit (Connors et al., 2013). It is also to be highlighted that though treatment of patients with alcohol or drug abuse history might be frustrating and difficult, it is also a rewarding process for the heath care professionals. There are nonphysicians, and physicians who specialise in this area of practice and a number of communities referral to a special is a part of the regular care process. Admission to intensive care unit implies that such professionals would be referred to for the patient care. Denial of admission cannot be therefore justified (Mays et a., 2017). Moreover, in the present medicinal practice, the primary physician also has a significant part in the care of patients who are chemically dependent even though the referral is not there. The primary care physician might be the first professional to identify the relapse and do the treatment. The physician can be the trusted guardian and work for the patients well being. The concern of the physician that the patient stays away from the use of the dru g can be sighted as a strong motivator (Levit et al., 2013). Facts to support the topic- Treatment for such patients are hugely expensive Insurance companies are not in a position to pay for such patients Health care professionals face issues in providing appropriate care for the patient on an individual basis Even if survival is possible, relapse is common, leading to failure of treatmen References Australian charter of healthcare rights. (2012). Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Charter-PDf.pdf Connors, G. J., DiClemente, C. C., Velasquez, M. M., Donovan, D. M. (2013).Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. Guilford Press. Levit, K. R., Stranges, E., Coffey, R. M., Kassed, C., Mark, T. L., Buck, J. A., Vandivort-Warren, R. (2013). Current and future funding sources for specialty mental health and substance abuse management providers.Psychiatric Services,64(6), 512-519. Luce, J. M., White, D. B. (2009). A History of Ethics and Law in the Intensive Care Unit.Critical Care Clinics,25(1), 221x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2008.10.002 Mays, V. M., Jones, A. L., Delany-Brumsey, A., Coles, C., Cochran, S. D. (2017). Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Mental Health/Substance Abuse Treatment Among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites.Medical care,55(2), 173-181. Medrano, J., lvaro-Meca, A., Boyer, A., Jimnez-Sousa, M. A., Resino, S. (2014). Mortality of patients infected with HIV in the intensive care unit (2005 through 2010): significant role of chronic hepatitis C and severe sepsis.Critical Care,18(4), 475. Mulaudzi, F., Mokoena, J., Troskie, R. (2010).Basic nursing ethics in practice. Johannesburg: Heinemann. Ulrich, C. (2014).Nursing Ethics in Everyday Practice. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International.

Meet Neve The Lightweight Theme Built for Speed in the Gutenberg Era

Weve had a busy few months here at ThemeIsle, and were finally ready to unveil the fruits of our labor; our latest lightweight theme Neve. And boy, are we excited!Most of our excitement is because Neve has something for everyone. For the acronym aficionados, we have highly optimized SEO and AMP optimization. For the WP warriors busy preparing for WordPress 5.0, we have full Gutenberg integration. For page builder fans, we have full compatibility with Elementor, Beaver Builder, and others.Heres an introduction to Neve, plus the great features and wonderful benefits it brings. Page builder users will love the seamless integration of Neve with the standard page builder blocks. Did someone say blocks? Neve is also ready for the new Gutenberg editor with full compatibility already available.If you are running an e-commerce site, then you will love the fact that we pared back the source code to the essentials. This will guarantee fast loading times to keep visitors on site while also givin g you the freedom to build more functionality into your storefront.You can even translate Neve into many languages and make your site multilingual. The theme comes with full WPML compatibility, which gives you the freedom to use more than one language interface at once.For bloggers, the highly optimized SEO code ensures your site will be easily crawled by Google and working with the Google Search Console is now easier than ever.If you are just looking to build a portfolio, or you are a business or agency, then Neves subtle animations will help make your site pop.The simplicity of the design will help you to add some personal flair to your website. As you build your site you will find the design makes it easier than ever to integrate page builder blocks seamlessly into your web design.If youre nervous about the impending arrival of the Gutenberg editor in WordPress 5.0 then youll be happy to see the homepage is ready for custom content blocks from third-party plugins.Why did we build it?Building a theme from scratch can be a daunting process especially following a period that saw the remaster of our popular Hestia theme. While that was a great success, we decided it would be worthwhile to build an entirely new theme with a focus on page builders while also introducing new concepts that are ready to work with Gutenberg.Thus, Neve was born. 👠¶We had a strong vision of how Neve should develop with performance and speed at the top of the list. This opened the gates for us to develop Neve as a tool to help users unleash their creativity and easily realize their vision.We wanted users to have the freedom to customize the key elements of their site without limitation. The goal with Neve was to enable an experience thats as close to true front-end editing as possible.This means we put in some hard work into building a theme that allowed users to seamlessly integrate blocks from both page builders and Gutenberg block plugins like Otter Blocks.We are excited to sa y we did it!How? Thanks to the brilliant team of developers behind it. Everyone in the team had a role in making Neve a reality and were very proud of how everyone pulled together to make such an exciting theme.A special shout-out for Andrei BÄÆ'icuÈ™ who took the lead on this one. We have to say that he did an awesome job, and we think youll agree.Neve featuresGutenberg compatibility is total in this theme with the back end and the editor integrated seamlessly. This means you will get an editing experience that is as close to WYSIWYG than we have ever seen before.But thats not all! Neves settings are also displayed live in the editor as you change them. This means your editor experience is closely aligned with the front-end appearance. Fewer nasty surprises.Neve has integrated the Gutenberg editor seamlessly into the backend. Now your edits will look almost identical to the front end.All of your headings, fonts, colors, widths, and settings will appear in the editor as if you w ere looking at the front-end. And, just wait until you use popular 3rd party blocks because they will still look good and align with the theme design.Better yet, the entire Gutenberg integration maintains the themes overall goal of enhanced usability. Lets hear what Andrei has to say about it:We had multiple meetings to pinpoint exactly how some settings from the theme should behave when altered. The user should get a result matching their expectations when changing settings, and nothing else. Otherwise, the user gets frustrated and using a theme shouldnt be frustrating.Andrei BÄÆ'icuÈ™, Neve project leadWe built the theme to provide compatibility with all of the major page builders. So no matter how you approach Neve, you will find an easier, more enjoyable building experience.When youre ready to build a page, you will find that Neve is able to take advantage of many a page builders unique elements to complete the page entirely without leaving the builders interface.We all know that the future is mobile, but with over a third of Black Friday 2018 sales completed on smartphones we can agree that the future is now. Luckily, we built Neve with full mobile compatibility.This is more than having a nice responsive site that adapts to devices. It is also about having a structure that is optimized for Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). Neve will help you ensure your site renders as native AMP and keeps you on Googles good side.We really wanted to make Neve an inclusive theme, so we performed an accessibility audit to reduce the amount of work needed to make accessibility-ready site.The theme has good keyboard focuses to help your users navigate the page without a mouse. With functional buttons and menus your users will find it easy to get around your entire site. The skip navigation link at the top of the page will help guide your users get through the page.If you are moving from Zelle then Neve will remove all of the stress and anxiety with the migrating process. O ur onboarding process will transform your old Zelle frontpage into an Elementor template. It will also import all of your old content.Neve demosNot moving across from Zelle? Thats cool, weve still got something to offer you; a list of diverse starter sites that is constantly growing. Better yet, they are easily available from the WordPress dashboard with full previews.Here are some of the demos:Restaurant themeLawyers themeDoctors themeAt the time of writing, all of the demos were built with Elementor making them flexible and adaptable to any project. They have all the benefits of Neve, so you will have no trouble adapting them to your own purposes. (Stay tuned for Gutenberg specific demos!)Where can you get the theme?The good news is that you can take Neve home with you today for free! Thats right; all of the above features, demos, and benefits are available in the free version. Get NeveFinal words on NeveWhat can I say? I am excited that Neve gives users a chance to build a fast, well-designed site with enough flexibility to adapt to future trends in both WordPress and web development.The page builder compatibility makes it easier than ever to build a beautiful site without breaking the bank or your spirit. We also have something for beginners to build confidence. Our growing range of starter sites is the perfect way to learn how to build a website.All the while Neve puts you in the strongest position to take advantage of growing mobile use with a combination of responsiveness and AMP-readiness.Finally, WordPress 5.0 is almost ready, and it is essential to have a theme that can seamlessly integrate Gutenberg blocks. If youve been searching for your dream theme, were happy to tell you the search is over. Meet Neve: The lightweight #WordPress #theme built for speed in the #Gutenberg era

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. The WritePass Journal

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. Introduction The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction For many years people have associated mental disorders with offending behaviour and in particular, violent offending.   According to Jones (2006 p, 383) evidence has been found that individuals who are mentally ill are at greater risk of arrest then the general population.   He argues that in an attempt to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and offending behaviour studies have been conducted which have mainly focused on mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in psychiatric populations.   As a result of these studies schizophrenia and psychopathy are the two disorders that appear to be most associated with offending.   This essay will attempt to describe the terms schizophrenia and psychopathy in some detail and discuss the relation each in turn has with offending behaviour. Schizophrenia, according to Davenport (1996 p,172), is a severe mental disorder characterised with symptoms of disintegration in the thinking process, in emotional responsiveness and in contact with reality.   Social relationships become impossible and cognitive functions are disturbed.   Sufferers of schizophrenia may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs, or delusions, and hallucinations.  Ã‚   The symptoms of schizophrenia can often make stable employment difficult, resulting in impoverishment and homelessness.   The strange behaviour displayed by schizophrenics and the lack of social skills may lead to a loss of friends, a solitary existence and sometimes ridicule and persecution. The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1896, cited by Gross, 2008. P.791)   was the first to recognise schizophrenia as a separate mental illness.   He described it as a distinct disorder which he called ‘dementia praecox’, meaning early insanity.   Kraepelin believed that the symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration that began in adolescences.   However Bleuler (1911, cited by McGuire, Mason O’Kane, 2000, p.162), a Swiss psychiatrist, disagreed with Kraepelin, he believed that the disorder did not necessarily have an early onset and the name ‘dementia praecox’ was inappropriate.   Bleuler proposed his own term for the disorder, one that is still used today, schizophrenia.   Schizophrenia is taken from the Greek word schizein, meaning to split, and phren, meaning the mind to describe a disorder in which the personality loses its unity. Individuals with schizophrenia can significantly differ from one another and as  Ã‚   Kring et al (2010, p.321) explains this is   because the range of symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is extensive and people may only have some of them at any given time.   The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into three categories.   The first category refers to positive symptoms and these are based on Schneider’s first rank symptoms (1959, cited by Gross, 2008 p.791) which are subjective and include delusions, hallucinations and thought disturbances.   Delusions are beliefs that are held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence.   Hallucinations which may be visual, these are often unpleasant and frequently include violence and destruction, but are most commonly auditory, typically as voices commenting or giving instructions.   Thought disturbances are where thoughts are inserted into the mind (thought insertion), removed from the min d (thought withdrawal) or broadcast to the mind (thought broadcasting) by external forces. The second category refers to negative symptoms that are based on Slater and Roth’s major symptoms (1969, cited by Gross, 2008, p.792). These   are directly observable from the patient and include thought process disorder, disturbance of affect, psychomotor disturbance and lack of volition.   Thought process disorder refers to the inability to keep to the point and becoming easily distracted.   Disturbance of affect refers to affect that can be flat and expressionless or alternatively it can be inappropriate such as anger without provocation or laughter at misfortune.   Psychomotor disturbance can take the form of bizarre facial grimaces, repeated gesturing or excited agitation of the body; alternatively unusual postures can be adopted and held, in a state of immobility, for long periods.   Finally lack of volition refers to a lack of motivation and an absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities including work, self care, social activities and affection for friends and family. The third category according to Kring et al (2010, p.324) refer to disorganised symptoms which include disorganised speech and disorganised behaviour.   Disorganised speech refers to problems in organising and maintaining a logical and coherent flow of information, whilst disorganised behaviour refers to bizarre behaviour which can take many forms, sufferers seem to lose the ability to organise behaviour in a way that conforms to usual standards, performing everyday tasks also becomes difficult. Many studies have been conducted to examine the relationship, if any, between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, some of these studies have shown that there is a relationship between the two. For example Green (1981, cited by Jones, 2006, p. 389) conducted a survey of 58 men admitted to mental hospitals after they had killed their mothers and discovered that 75% of them were suffering from schizophrenia.   Taylor (1986, p.76) conducted a survey of life sentence prisoners in London and discovered a high level of schizophrenia. These findings are inconsistent with the work of Monahan and Steadman (1983, cited by McGuire, Mason and O’Kane, 2000, p.165) who conducted an influential review of research that was conducted prior to the early 1980. Their findings suggested that there was little if any relationship between offending behaviour and schizophrenia.   They argue that many of the studies that appear to suggest a link between schizophrenia and offending behaviour have failed to take into account demographic factors such as poverty and unemployment.   When these kinds of factors were considered, the apparent relationship between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, particularly violence, disappeared. However, Mullen (2006, p.241) suggests that many of the factors that produce offending in the general population are important in producing offending in schizophrenia.   These include disturbed backgrounds, poor social conditions, unemployment and substance abuse, among others.   But those with schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to those influences and this in turn may increase offending behaviour. Whilst Walsh, Buchanan Fahy (2002, p.490) acknowledge that until the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated.   They conducted a review of the main studies that have influenced current thinking about the association between schizophrenia and offending, in particular violence, between January 1990 and December 2000.   Three different approaches were examined and these included studies on violent acts in those with schizophrenia, schizophrenia in individuals who have committed violent acts and violence in those with and without schizophrenia, regardless of involvement with the mental health or criminal justice systems.   They found that the majority of studies conducted over the past two decades have demonstrated a statistical association between schizophrenia and violence.   Furthermore that people with schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population. Finally that the proportion of violence attributed to people suffering with schizophrenia is small. The second mental disorder that is most associated with offending behaviour is psychopathy. Psychopathy, according to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) is a collection of personality traits that lead to emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric evaluation.   Psychopaths have no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard of any sense of social obligation.   Psychopaths are characterised by lack of empathy, poor impulse control and manipulative behaviours.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) argue that psychopathic people have no shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act.   They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain and satisfaction. Psychopathy was first recognised in the early 1800s where the term was used in Austrian psychiatry text books but as Jones (2006, p.392) explains, it was not until 1976 in his classic book The Mask of Sanity that Hervey Cleckley drew on his clinical experience to formulate diagnostic criteria for Psychopathy.   Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy focused less on behaviour as such and more on the person’s thoughts and feelings.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) explain that Cleckley produced a checklist which consisted of 16 distinguishable characteristics of a psychopath, although various researchers have tried to identify the typical characteristics of a psychopath.   They go on to argue that there has been widespread approval of 6 key elements described by Cleckley, they are lack of guilt or remorse, an inability to learn from experience, an inability to delay gratification, an inability to form emotional ties, the constant seeking of stimulation and a superficial cha rm. The most commonly used scale that attempts to operationalise the concept of psychopathy and make assessment more reliable according to Kring et al (2010 p,270), was developed by Robert Hare in 1991 and is called the psychopathy checklist revised, known as the PCL-R test.   The checklist, based on Cleckley’s criteria, is a 20 item clinical rating scale that is completed through interview and information gathered from other sources including criminal records, social worker reports and case histories.   The scale divides into two linked factors, factor one includes interpersonal items, such as superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth and pathological lying, and affective symptoms such as lack of remorse or empathy.   Finally factor two measures socially deviant or anti social lifestyles, such as proneness to boredom and delinquency. The exact relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour according to Mclaughlin and Muncie (2006, p323) has not been completely understood but it is clear that psychopathic charachteristics are highly associated with offending.   Among offenders who score highly on the PCL-R test there are also high levels of criminality and violence.   Hobson and Shine (1998, p.504) findings supports this view, they found that once imprisoned, psychopaths display more violent and aggressive behaviour and are more frequently segregated from other prisoners.   Furthermore, after release, the likelihood of reconviction is significantly above that for non psychopaths, particularly for violent crimes.   This view is shared by Hemphill et al (1998, cited by Gross 2008, p.842) after his Meta analysis study found that psychopathic offenders were three times as likely to reoffend and four times more likely to violently reoffend within a year of release than non psychopathic offenders. The criteria of the PCL-R test may show how psychopathic characteristics relate to offending behaviour.   According to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) the criteria of factor one for example, which   includes grandiose sense of self worth and arrogance, highlights the need of psychopathic individuals to feel they are of high status, this need could be satisfied through various types of offending.   Being pathological liars can also facilitate certain types of offending behaviour.   Psychopaths do not feel the usually constraining emotions of guilt, remorse or empathy; as a result of these lacks of constraints the likelihood of offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased.  Ã‚   The emotional volatility of psychopathic individuals may also explain the increased violence that is evident from the studies previously mentioned. The second factor of the PCL-R which includes characteristics like proneness to boredom, impulsivity and delinquency can demonstrate w hy offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased. The examination of any relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour is not helped by the unsatisfactory definition of the disorder. Jones (2006, p.393) argues that   the definition is circular in that there are certain behaviours that are used to help assess the disorder, the disorder is then, in turn used to explain these behaviours.   He goes on that there is already an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour as it seems crime is incorporated into the definition of the disorder, he concludes that by the very nature of the characteristics of psychopathy, in essence, psychopathic behaviour is criminal behaviour. On analysis of both mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in the psychiatric population it is easy to establish a firm relationship between the two mental disorders described in this essay and offending behaviour.   Schizophrenia is the disorder that is probably the most associated with violent offending, although the actual number does appear to be very small.   There is also an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour although, that does seem to be incorporated in the definition of the disorder. References Davenport, G.C. (1996). Essential Psychology. (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Gross, R. (2008) Psychology The Science Of Mind And Behaviour. (5th ed).   London: Hodder Education. Hobson, J., Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of Psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38,3, 504-515 Jones, S. (2006). Criminology. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., Neale, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (11th Ed). West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McGuire, J., Mason, T., O’Kane, A. (Eds) (2000). Behaviour, Crime and Legal Process .   West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McLaughlin, E. Muncie, J. (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mullen, P.E. (2006). Schizophrenia and Violence: From Correlation to Preventive Strategies, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 239-248 Taylor, P. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in London’s Life Sentenced Offenders. British Journal of Criminology,   26, 63-78 Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and Schizophrenia – Examining the Evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495.

Organism Physiology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organism Physiology Paper - Essay Example There is an oral sucker around the mouth region and a ventral sucker which is present in the middle of the body and is used for adhering to the host organisms. There is no definitive body cavity and the organs are present embedded in a matrix composed of connective tissue. Somatic muscles pass through the tissue and attach to the outer tegument. The alimentary canal along with a muscular pharynx and esophagus is well-developed in flukes. The intestine is a branched tubular organ which may contain secondary and tertiary branches. The main branch however, leads to the excretory vesicle which also collects the two lateral collecting ducts of the excretory system. In the process of digestion food enters the sac-like gut from the mouth and gets digested. The undigested food then comes out from the mouth as the excretory system is not very specialized. As most trematodes are hermaphrodites with the exception of the blood flukes, they carry the male and female reproductive organs in the sam e body. The male organ is composed of two testes along with accessory glands and ducts that leads to the cirrus, which is equivalent to the penis. The penis then enters the common genital tract. The female reproductive organ contains a single ovary with a seminal receptacle and yolk glands which connect to the oviduct and later expands into the oocyte. The female uterus extends from the oocyte and enters the common genital tract. The fertilization is through self or cross-fertilization. The eggs of the female assemble in the oocyte and then pass through the uterus via the genital tract into the genital pores where fertilization occurs. In the case of the blood flukes, the general body structure remains and the male and female remain in close association within the fold of the tegument on the ventral surface of the male (Castro, 1996). The characteristic flat shape of the flukes is the physiological response of the organism with regard to