The Writing Of The Constitution - 1351 Words

After the Revolutionary War and overthrow of the British government within the colonies, a sense of national sovereignty echoed throughout the people. When the colonist realized their first attempt at a governing document: the Articles of Confederation, was not sufficient as a strong means of regulation by the national government, a Constitutional Convention was called in order to amend the Articles to be more efficient. Instead, the 55 state representatives decided an entirely new document would do a better job of governing the states. By constructing this document, James Madison hoped to establish a country that worked â€Å"in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense,†¦show more content†¦The British were still thought to win considering they previously beat the French in the French and Indian war, they had the most powerful military as well as the largest world empire. Countless battles were fough t between the British and colonists and as the war came to a close, the colonist came out on top with the most significant victory of the time. As a new nation, building a governing system capable of ruling was easier said than done. The first attempt at a governing document for the United States was the Articles of Confederation. The Articles gave each state complete independence and gave the national government little power to regulate commerce and trade. Article II of the Articles of Confederation states, â€Å"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled† . In addition, the plan for state representation within the federal government was as follows, â€Å"In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled, each state shall have one vote.† This idea was flawed because no matter the size, representation or population, each state had the same voice within the national government. This resulted in many douts regarding issues such as land w hich had been won as a result of the war. Since the national

English Reflection - 722 Words

The first three months of this school year was a roller coaster ride. We have several new students with different levels of English proficiency. At first I don’t know how I will cater them or even approach them knowing that having been comfortable with the previous students who are knowledgeable with the language then here comes the new students. They may only be one or few of them in the classroom, but still their presence is still significant in the success of the class. I am blessed to have students who are not only willing to help me but more so to help their friends to be able to learn and understand the things in the classroom. Translators in my room are everywhere. I guess when you give them rules for the first time, it will really†¦show more content†¦They are excited to show what they prepared with their classmates. Some of them, especially the higher level, they feel shy or anxious whenever its their performance or their work is being shown in class. Well it s normal, knowing that their sense of consciousness grows as they mature. The number of students now is growing with different learning styles and behaviors. Having them in a class is really a combination of patience and understanding. I do admit that some of the students who are new in the language are quite hesitant to speak up ending up being the tail of the class. Nevertheless, I still try to push them to at least try. I gave them opportunity to be the leader of the group or asked them to read the things written in the board or smartboard. I know that this part of learning will take some time but with perseverance everything can be possible. I already heard some of them speaking English with their friends. On the other hand, having a mix of the classes for this school year is also a test. Seeing them settled and well-behave last year is not a picture for some of the classes. Despite the fact that teachers are strict, still some are going beyond the limit. But as what we always s ay, at the end of the day, they are still kids who are still learning and exploring. I am just positive as the year progress, so as theShow MoreRelatedReflection For English Class870 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I enrolled in English 101. I was happy and excited that I have one more class away from finishing English class for the rest of my school years. The objective of the course was to make us better writers, and I certainly have improved. I learned what makes a paper good or bad, what makes it easier to write a good paper, and how the manner that the class is held makes a difference. Then, I thought they were good because of the grades I got. Now, I find myself working over twice as hard forRead MoreEnglish Reflection901 Words   |  4 PagesAs a kid in high school I considered my least favorite subject to be English. I was never a very good reader or writer so my specific set of skills, or lack thereof, never really translated to very good grades. I would do enough to get by, but I never really attempted to get any better. I even went so far as to take my senior year of English in summer school in an attempt to get it out of the way early and not have to deal with the headache in my final year. After I finished high school I took aRead MoreEnglish Reflection924 Words   |  4 Pagesbegin our Shakespeare research, I wrote a biography on Shakespeare with the help of my index cards packed with useful information. Soon after learning about Shakespeare’s life, we began to read his plays, which introduced us to a new form of the english language. Despite all the research I did on Shakespeare’s plays, we also learned how to annotate and reflect on an articles. The articles annotated on were based on multiple statistics, experts and organizations. After annotating the articles we wouldRead MoreEnglish Reflection1351 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, English 10 has by far been my best experience in writing. By taking this course I have retrieved many helpful elements, that will help me become a successful writer throughout college. In high school, essays often gave me stress and anxiety, however, when taking English 10, I was able to learn to enjoy the process of writing purposefully and mindfully. Even though, I have taken advanced placement English courses in high school and have taken a practice run of college level English over theRead MoreEnglish Reflection1127 Words   |  5 PagesPersonally, I have always loved English classes, but no other instructor has taught me the true meaning of the subject the way Dr. Teller has. I glance back at my first minor assignment and I read my main goals for the course of English 1. I am proud to say I have accomplished my missions with the help of Dr. Teller and his â€Å"survival guide† I can say I survived English 1. My greatest worry was the works cited pages because I never understood the importance in giving credit to the authors. In additionRead MoreEnglish Reflection835 Wo rds   |  4 PagesBefore I stepped foot into my English 1303 class, I had assumed that it would’ve been a class that I was not fond off. Within high school, English was never one of my strong points; so when college started I did not really know what to expect. Most of the time during high school, I would never really give much thought into how my essays were written, I just wrote them to get it over with. Within high school English classes, I had never experienced any sort of connection with the pieces that I hadRead MoreEnglish Reflection1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the next step. College is no different than kindergarten through senior year there are classes that the student is required to take in order to move on and be better prepped for what is to come. English Composition 1 is one of the classes almost every college student is required to take. Now English has never been my strong suite personally, but rather science and math. I do however agree with most of the re asoning behind making it a required class. The class will not only help become more professionalRead More Personal Narrative: Reflections on 7th grade English Class Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesto the beginning of 7th grade English class I now realized of all the great things I have accomplished this year for English class. I am proud of how hard I worked this year and how my English has gotten better. I am proud to have been part of Ms Ds English class and she is a phenomenal teacher. I think that one day I will be able to work as a English teacher like Ms D or I will become a journalist. Although I must say that when I first entered English class I had so many differentRead MoreReflection Paper In English937 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch as my brain capacity can endure is my ultimate goal in life. School is not just a chore, it is a necessity to further me into the future. English class, specifically the writing portion has evolved my understanding of persuasive li terature and how to explain my thoughts on paper for an audience to understand. Throughout the first semester of KCC English I have improved my essays from small to large mistakes. Overlooking my first draft of the Cause and Effect, I have realized I am growing as aRead MoreReflection Paper In English1063 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish is a terrible subject. We learn it the day we start school in kindergarten and all the way till the end of high school and possibly college. English composition is a completely unavoidable subject and not everyone likes learning about things such as grammar, writing, and reading comprehension. It is one of those subjects that many students just want to get it over with as quickly as possible. On the other hand, students need to realize the English composition classes offer a lot more benefits

Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification Free Essays

Marx class theory derived from his belief that class divisions are not found in all forms of society; classes are a creation of history. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by firstly, who owns or has property and means of production and who does the work in the production process, secondly the social relationships included in work and labour, and thirdly who produces and who rules the surplus human social labour can produce. All of these aspects of Marx class theory will be further explored in this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marx believed that class divisions are not found in all societies, classes are a creation of history. The earliest and smallest societies (tribal and primitive) were classless. It is universally true that all human beings depend on the quest of meeting their basic needs – food, water, shelter and clothing. In these primitive societies, the working day was taken up with required labour in order to meet society’s basic needs and forces of production were distributed equally amongst the community. But when basic needs are met, this leads to man’s creation of new needs, as humans are forever dissatisfied animals. Marx defines human beings as producers (Callinicos, A, p. 98, 1996). Humans seek to transform nature to enable them to meet their needs and do this through two different mode of production. The first ‘forces of production’ which depends on what Marx calls the ‘labour process’. ‘‘Labour is first of all a process between man and nature, a process by which man, though his own actions, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature’’ (C I 283). The relations of production is the social aspect, which involves the property rights of the productive forces, it is what distinguishes the modes of production for one another. Improvements in the labour force are determined by if man is able to produce the same amount of things but with less human labour. By been able to produce more effectively, therefore meant man gains more control over nature. Thus the developments of the labour process are a reflection of human technology (Callinicos, A, p. 8, 1996) and Marx believed that the developments of science and technology in society provide a basis on which future societies can build upon. Although Marx never said in so many words what he meant by class, his theory lies on the statement that â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. ’’ That once beyond primitive socities no labour can exist without means of production, which is who controls the direct producers. The central classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Class divisions arise in society when the direct producers are separated from the means of production. The means of production, the bourgeoisie, become the monopoly of a minority and use exploitation and domination in relation to the producers, the proletariat. Marx looks at the working day in a class society and identies how capital exploits labour wage. During the first half of the day the worker produces goods in which he is paid to but during the second part of the day the worker performs surplus labour. Surplus labour is generated by how much labour time is left over after the employer has made back the equivalent of the cost of the wages of the labourer. The profit of this surplus labour is too small though to improve everyone’s standard of living, so it is taken by the minority who control the means of production. Marx decscribes four main types of class societies: Asiatic, ancient, feudal, and modern bourgeois, ‘‘the distinction between for example a society based on slave labour and a society based on wage labour – is the form in which this surplus labour is in each case exploited from the immediate producer, the worker’’ (C I 325). The practice of exploitation depends on the distribution of the means of production. In the case of slavery , it seems all the slaves labour is surplus labour , he is not permitted to any of his product. But the slave has to be kept alive in order to gain surplus power, therefore a proportion of the slaves wages is set aside to provide him his basic needs. In feudalism society, the peasant may have owned his animals and tools, but did not own the land he works on, therefore must divide his labour time between the work that needed to be done in order to provide for himself and his family and surplus labour for his lord. In both these mode of production, slavery and feudalism, exploitation is clearly visible and physical consequences are evident without question. However in capitalism exploitation is concealed. The worker is legally free, as he has volunteered to partake in the labour process. Marx wrote that workers are ‘‘ free in a double sense , free from the old relations of clientship, bondage and servitude, and secondly free of all belongings and possessions, and of every objective, material form of being, free of all property’’ (G 507). By not selling his labour power to the capitalist, the workers only other option is starvation. The means of production use economic pressures as a means of control over workers, not physical actions. Thus once the employer has employed the workers, he makes them work longer hours than necessary, creating surplus labour. In the case of feudalism, after centuries new methods of producing began to develop. But releasing these new methods worked against the ruling class–in the framework of the prior form of exploitation and the â€Å"legal and political superstructure† that had arisen out of it. This clash between the new opportunities and the structure of the previous order, was in severe crisis. Without new developments, the existing means of producing was not able to sustain any more development in the population, the Black Death followed, causing horrific events such as famines and disease and violence. The previous ways of shaping society and furthering the mode of production were brought to a halt. Marx foresaw that there could be revolution in society abolishing classes altogether. Then begins an epoch of social revolution,† , Marx wrote. Yet the ruling class were still dominating the workers, even though the mode of production had self-destructed. The ruling class dominates not only the way production is carried on, but all the other organizations and relations in society, whose structure aids the exploiters, control their power. As Marx explained, all class societies create a legal, political and ideological â€Å"superstructure† which functions to control the existing relations of production and guard the rulers from the ruled. But an important tool for the ruling class to persuade the working class is ideology– schemes of ideas that depict the recognized order as natural and positive to everyone, whatever its undeniable faults. Marx believed that the workers did not realise they were been exploited, had a false consciousness, mistaken sense that they could count on their employer. He believed that ideologies help sustain the ruling class, by giving misleading views to people about the world in order to exploit others about their position in society. It caused people to form mistaken views about the nature of society in order to keep the existing mode of production in action. Because the dominant or ruling class rules the social relations of production, the central ideology in capitalist society is that of the ruling class. Marx theory of class consciousness was an idea how to make members of a class aware that they have a common situation and interests and, moreover, are able to organize a collective defence of those interests (Elster, J, p128, Intro to Karl Marx). Marx saw that there were many logics why the proletariat would develop into a class that is conscious of its own status, power, obligations, and prospects. The objective condition of a class subsists because of its position in the productive process. Possession or non-possession of the means of production, place in the labour process, and the control over surplus regulate this. However a class such as the bourgeoisie or proletariat, may be unaware of this position, or in any case the effects of this position. Marx believed there would be a revolution, the workers would come together and rise up and fight to abolish the class system. Once everything had calmed down after the revolution, the proletariat would then own the means of production. He believed that no dominating class would exist and everything would be owned equally amongst society. He thought that if the working class were to take control of the means of production, they would inspire social relations that would help everyone proportionately, and an organization of production less at risk to repeated crises. Overall, Marx believed that nonviolent compromise of this issue was unrealistic, and prearranged and violent revolution would be necessary, because the dominating class would not surrender control without a fight. He speculated that in order to secure the socialist system, a dictatorship of the proletariat must be generated on a provisional foundation. Marx’s forethought of a revolution did not come true. As societies developed and expanded, the working classes grew to be more educated, obtaining detailed job skills and accomplishing the type of financial welfare that Marx never thought achievable. How to cite Critically Assess Marx’s Theory of Class and Stratification, Essay examples

Talks Against Motion And Refutes Statement â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Talks Against Motion And Refutes Statement? Answer: Introducation The topic of the present debate on a nursing ethical issue is People who abuse drugs and alcohol should be denied access to intensive care units. The present paper talks against the motion and refutes the statement, aiming to establish a standpoint that people who abuse drugs and alcohol must not be denied access to intensive care units. As the instances of patients with alcohol or substance abuse being brought to intensive care units (ICU) are increasing, there is a growing concern around their admission. Intensive care units are the specialised treatment units where patients suffering from acute medical conditions are brought in for treatment; such a unit is to provide life support and decrease the chances of mortality. It is evident that saving the life of the patient is the priority under such circumstances and there is no denial of this. Speaking on humanitarian ground, no human has the right to deny care being given to an individual irrespective of what his condition is in relation to drug or alcohol abuse (Luce White, 2009). As per the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, everyone has the right to be able to access health care (safetyandquality.gov.au, 2012). Moreover, since treatment of this concern is operations in the present era, it is not a challenge to guide the patient to change his substance depen dency once he is discharged from the ICU (Ulrich, 2014). ICUs deliver potential benefit at massive public cost, and thus the interventions rendered must be considered as symbols of promise. Patient autonomy and fundamental rights to access to care stand against the chances of potential harm being done to others if patients with alcohol and substance abuse are admitted to ICUs. Though patient might be a concern due to multi-faceted issues, their primary right to autonomy cannot be suspended (Medrano et al., 2014). If patients are denied admission to ICUs, the communitys trust on the care givers will loose out. Admission of such patient might be a reason for harm to others, but it is to be noted that there is no certainty that such harm would be done. The mere probability of causing harm to others must not take over the need to save the life of the patient. Protection of common good does not justify the abridgement of individual rights (Mulaudzi et al., 2010). The second aspect that draws the attention is that insurance companies are not willing to pay for the medical expenses for such patient. This can be disproved by the fact that health insurers must rely on the evidence-based standards of patient care and consider the right level of coverage, the right combination of treatment and the right site of coverage. Insurance companies often stop paying, and the healthcare centres are to discharge the patients before the complete treatment is done. However, if the family members are notified that the patient is half-treated, is it clear, on morale and human grounds, that the family members would arrange for the medical expenses under any circumstances. They would go out of their way to arrange for the expenses so that the treatment is complete. The medical facilities are not to depend solely on the medical insurance companies for the expenses. A bill is to be passed that would force the companies to approve authorisation of substance abuse car e. It would need all policies to provide medical coverage economics for alcohol and drug abuse services as thought necessary by the care unit (Connors et al., 2013). It is also to be highlighted that though treatment of patients with alcohol or drug abuse history might be frustrating and difficult, it is also a rewarding process for the heath care professionals. There are nonphysicians, and physicians who specialise in this area of practice and a number of communities referral to a special is a part of the regular care process. Admission to intensive care unit implies that such professionals would be referred to for the patient care. Denial of admission cannot be therefore justified (Mays et a., 2017). Moreover, in the present medicinal practice, the primary physician also has a significant part in the care of patients who are chemically dependent even though the referral is not there. The primary care physician might be the first professional to identify the relapse and do the treatment. The physician can be the trusted guardian and work for the patients well being. The concern of the physician that the patient stays away from the use of the dru g can be sighted as a strong motivator (Levit et al., 2013). Facts to support the topic- Treatment for such patients are hugely expensive Insurance companies are not in a position to pay for such patients Health care professionals face issues in providing appropriate care for the patient on an individual basis Even if survival is possible, relapse is common, leading to failure of treatmen References Australian charter of healthcare rights. (2012). Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Charter-PDf.pdf Connors, G. J., DiClemente, C. C., Velasquez, M. M., Donovan, D. M. (2013).Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions. Guilford Press. Levit, K. R., Stranges, E., Coffey, R. M., Kassed, C., Mark, T. L., Buck, J. A., Vandivort-Warren, R. (2013). Current and future funding sources for specialty mental health and substance abuse management providers.Psychiatric Services,64(6), 512-519. Luce, J. M., White, D. B. (2009). A History of Ethics and Law in the Intensive Care Unit.Critical Care Clinics,25(1), 221x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2008.10.002 Mays, V. M., Jones, A. L., Delany-Brumsey, A., Coles, C., Cochran, S. D. (2017). Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Mental Health/Substance Abuse Treatment Among Blacks, Latinos, and Whites.Medical care,55(2), 173-181. Medrano, J., lvaro-Meca, A., Boyer, A., Jimnez-Sousa, M. A., Resino, S. (2014). Mortality of patients infected with HIV in the intensive care unit (2005 through 2010): significant role of chronic hepatitis C and severe sepsis.Critical Care,18(4), 475. Mulaudzi, F., Mokoena, J., Troskie, R. (2010).Basic nursing ethics in practice. Johannesburg: Heinemann. Ulrich, C. (2014).Nursing Ethics in Everyday Practice. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International.

Meet Neve The Lightweight Theme Built for Speed in the Gutenberg Era

Weve had a busy few months here at ThemeIsle, and were finally ready to unveil the fruits of our labor; our latest lightweight theme Neve. And boy, are we excited!Most of our excitement is because Neve has something for everyone. For the acronym aficionados, we have highly optimized SEO and AMP optimization. For the WP warriors busy preparing for WordPress 5.0, we have full Gutenberg integration. For page builder fans, we have full compatibility with Elementor, Beaver Builder, and others.Heres an introduction to Neve, plus the great features and wonderful benefits it brings. Page builder users will love the seamless integration of Neve with the standard page builder blocks. Did someone say blocks? Neve is also ready for the new Gutenberg editor with full compatibility already available.If you are running an e-commerce site, then you will love the fact that we pared back the source code to the essentials. This will guarantee fast loading times to keep visitors on site while also givin g you the freedom to build more functionality into your storefront.You can even translate Neve into many languages and make your site multilingual. The theme comes with full WPML compatibility, which gives you the freedom to use more than one language interface at once.For bloggers, the highly optimized SEO code ensures your site will be easily crawled by Google and working with the Google Search Console is now easier than ever.If you are just looking to build a portfolio, or you are a business or agency, then Neves subtle animations will help make your site pop.The simplicity of the design will help you to add some personal flair to your website. As you build your site you will find the design makes it easier than ever to integrate page builder blocks seamlessly into your web design.If youre nervous about the impending arrival of the Gutenberg editor in WordPress 5.0 then youll be happy to see the homepage is ready for custom content blocks from third-party plugins.Why did we build it?Building a theme from scratch can be a daunting process especially following a period that saw the remaster of our popular Hestia theme. While that was a great success, we decided it would be worthwhile to build an entirely new theme with a focus on page builders while also introducing new concepts that are ready to work with Gutenberg.Thus, Neve was born. 👠¶We had a strong vision of how Neve should develop with performance and speed at the top of the list. This opened the gates for us to develop Neve as a tool to help users unleash their creativity and easily realize their vision.We wanted users to have the freedom to customize the key elements of their site without limitation. The goal with Neve was to enable an experience thats as close to true front-end editing as possible.This means we put in some hard work into building a theme that allowed users to seamlessly integrate blocks from both page builders and Gutenberg block plugins like Otter Blocks.We are excited to sa y we did it!How? Thanks to the brilliant team of developers behind it. Everyone in the team had a role in making Neve a reality and were very proud of how everyone pulled together to make such an exciting theme.A special shout-out for Andrei BÄÆ'icuÈ™ who took the lead on this one. We have to say that he did an awesome job, and we think youll agree.Neve featuresGutenberg compatibility is total in this theme with the back end and the editor integrated seamlessly. This means you will get an editing experience that is as close to WYSIWYG than we have ever seen before.But thats not all! Neves settings are also displayed live in the editor as you change them. This means your editor experience is closely aligned with the front-end appearance. Fewer nasty surprises.Neve has integrated the Gutenberg editor seamlessly into the backend. Now your edits will look almost identical to the front end.All of your headings, fonts, colors, widths, and settings will appear in the editor as if you w ere looking at the front-end. And, just wait until you use popular 3rd party blocks because they will still look good and align with the theme design.Better yet, the entire Gutenberg integration maintains the themes overall goal of enhanced usability. Lets hear what Andrei has to say about it:We had multiple meetings to pinpoint exactly how some settings from the theme should behave when altered. The user should get a result matching their expectations when changing settings, and nothing else. Otherwise, the user gets frustrated and using a theme shouldnt be frustrating.Andrei BÄÆ'icuÈ™, Neve project leadWe built the theme to provide compatibility with all of the major page builders. So no matter how you approach Neve, you will find an easier, more enjoyable building experience.When youre ready to build a page, you will find that Neve is able to take advantage of many a page builders unique elements to complete the page entirely without leaving the builders interface.We all know that the future is mobile, but with over a third of Black Friday 2018 sales completed on smartphones we can agree that the future is now. Luckily, we built Neve with full mobile compatibility.This is more than having a nice responsive site that adapts to devices. It is also about having a structure that is optimized for Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP). Neve will help you ensure your site renders as native AMP and keeps you on Googles good side.We really wanted to make Neve an inclusive theme, so we performed an accessibility audit to reduce the amount of work needed to make accessibility-ready site.The theme has good keyboard focuses to help your users navigate the page without a mouse. With functional buttons and menus your users will find it easy to get around your entire site. The skip navigation link at the top of the page will help guide your users get through the page.If you are moving from Zelle then Neve will remove all of the stress and anxiety with the migrating process. O ur onboarding process will transform your old Zelle frontpage into an Elementor template. It will also import all of your old content.Neve demosNot moving across from Zelle? Thats cool, weve still got something to offer you; a list of diverse starter sites that is constantly growing. Better yet, they are easily available from the WordPress dashboard with full previews.Here are some of the demos:Restaurant themeLawyers themeDoctors themeAt the time of writing, all of the demos were built with Elementor making them flexible and adaptable to any project. They have all the benefits of Neve, so you will have no trouble adapting them to your own purposes. (Stay tuned for Gutenberg specific demos!)Where can you get the theme?The good news is that you can take Neve home with you today for free! Thats right; all of the above features, demos, and benefits are available in the free version. Get NeveFinal words on NeveWhat can I say? I am excited that Neve gives users a chance to build a fast, well-designed site with enough flexibility to adapt to future trends in both WordPress and web development.The page builder compatibility makes it easier than ever to build a beautiful site without breaking the bank or your spirit. We also have something for beginners to build confidence. Our growing range of starter sites is the perfect way to learn how to build a website.All the while Neve puts you in the strongest position to take advantage of growing mobile use with a combination of responsiveness and AMP-readiness.Finally, WordPress 5.0 is almost ready, and it is essential to have a theme that can seamlessly integrate Gutenberg blocks. If youve been searching for your dream theme, were happy to tell you the search is over. Meet Neve: The lightweight #WordPress #theme built for speed in the #Gutenberg era

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. The WritePass Journal

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. Introduction The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction For many years people have associated mental disorders with offending behaviour and in particular, violent offending.   According to Jones (2006 p, 383) evidence has been found that individuals who are mentally ill are at greater risk of arrest then the general population.   He argues that in an attempt to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and offending behaviour studies have been conducted which have mainly focused on mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in psychiatric populations.   As a result of these studies schizophrenia and psychopathy are the two disorders that appear to be most associated with offending.   This essay will attempt to describe the terms schizophrenia and psychopathy in some detail and discuss the relation each in turn has with offending behaviour. Schizophrenia, according to Davenport (1996 p,172), is a severe mental disorder characterised with symptoms of disintegration in the thinking process, in emotional responsiveness and in contact with reality.   Social relationships become impossible and cognitive functions are disturbed.   Sufferers of schizophrenia may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs, or delusions, and hallucinations.  Ã‚   The symptoms of schizophrenia can often make stable employment difficult, resulting in impoverishment and homelessness.   The strange behaviour displayed by schizophrenics and the lack of social skills may lead to a loss of friends, a solitary existence and sometimes ridicule and persecution. The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1896, cited by Gross, 2008. P.791)   was the first to recognise schizophrenia as a separate mental illness.   He described it as a distinct disorder which he called ‘dementia praecox’, meaning early insanity.   Kraepelin believed that the symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration that began in adolescences.   However Bleuler (1911, cited by McGuire, Mason O’Kane, 2000, p.162), a Swiss psychiatrist, disagreed with Kraepelin, he believed that the disorder did not necessarily have an early onset and the name ‘dementia praecox’ was inappropriate.   Bleuler proposed his own term for the disorder, one that is still used today, schizophrenia.   Schizophrenia is taken from the Greek word schizein, meaning to split, and phren, meaning the mind to describe a disorder in which the personality loses its unity. Individuals with schizophrenia can significantly differ from one another and as  Ã‚   Kring et al (2010, p.321) explains this is   because the range of symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is extensive and people may only have some of them at any given time.   The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into three categories.   The first category refers to positive symptoms and these are based on Schneider’s first rank symptoms (1959, cited by Gross, 2008 p.791) which are subjective and include delusions, hallucinations and thought disturbances.   Delusions are beliefs that are held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence.   Hallucinations which may be visual, these are often unpleasant and frequently include violence and destruction, but are most commonly auditory, typically as voices commenting or giving instructions.   Thought disturbances are where thoughts are inserted into the mind (thought insertion), removed from the min d (thought withdrawal) or broadcast to the mind (thought broadcasting) by external forces. The second category refers to negative symptoms that are based on Slater and Roth’s major symptoms (1969, cited by Gross, 2008, p.792). These   are directly observable from the patient and include thought process disorder, disturbance of affect, psychomotor disturbance and lack of volition.   Thought process disorder refers to the inability to keep to the point and becoming easily distracted.   Disturbance of affect refers to affect that can be flat and expressionless or alternatively it can be inappropriate such as anger without provocation or laughter at misfortune.   Psychomotor disturbance can take the form of bizarre facial grimaces, repeated gesturing or excited agitation of the body; alternatively unusual postures can be adopted and held, in a state of immobility, for long periods.   Finally lack of volition refers to a lack of motivation and an absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities including work, self care, social activities and affection for friends and family. The third category according to Kring et al (2010, p.324) refer to disorganised symptoms which include disorganised speech and disorganised behaviour.   Disorganised speech refers to problems in organising and maintaining a logical and coherent flow of information, whilst disorganised behaviour refers to bizarre behaviour which can take many forms, sufferers seem to lose the ability to organise behaviour in a way that conforms to usual standards, performing everyday tasks also becomes difficult. Many studies have been conducted to examine the relationship, if any, between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, some of these studies have shown that there is a relationship between the two. For example Green (1981, cited by Jones, 2006, p. 389) conducted a survey of 58 men admitted to mental hospitals after they had killed their mothers and discovered that 75% of them were suffering from schizophrenia.   Taylor (1986, p.76) conducted a survey of life sentence prisoners in London and discovered a high level of schizophrenia. These findings are inconsistent with the work of Monahan and Steadman (1983, cited by McGuire, Mason and O’Kane, 2000, p.165) who conducted an influential review of research that was conducted prior to the early 1980. Their findings suggested that there was little if any relationship between offending behaviour and schizophrenia.   They argue that many of the studies that appear to suggest a link between schizophrenia and offending behaviour have failed to take into account demographic factors such as poverty and unemployment.   When these kinds of factors were considered, the apparent relationship between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, particularly violence, disappeared. However, Mullen (2006, p.241) suggests that many of the factors that produce offending in the general population are important in producing offending in schizophrenia.   These include disturbed backgrounds, poor social conditions, unemployment and substance abuse, among others.   But those with schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to those influences and this in turn may increase offending behaviour. Whilst Walsh, Buchanan Fahy (2002, p.490) acknowledge that until the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated.   They conducted a review of the main studies that have influenced current thinking about the association between schizophrenia and offending, in particular violence, between January 1990 and December 2000.   Three different approaches were examined and these included studies on violent acts in those with schizophrenia, schizophrenia in individuals who have committed violent acts and violence in those with and without schizophrenia, regardless of involvement with the mental health or criminal justice systems.   They found that the majority of studies conducted over the past two decades have demonstrated a statistical association between schizophrenia and violence.   Furthermore that people with schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population. Finally that the proportion of violence attributed to people suffering with schizophrenia is small. The second mental disorder that is most associated with offending behaviour is psychopathy. Psychopathy, according to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) is a collection of personality traits that lead to emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric evaluation.   Psychopaths have no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard of any sense of social obligation.   Psychopaths are characterised by lack of empathy, poor impulse control and manipulative behaviours.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) argue that psychopathic people have no shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act.   They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain and satisfaction. Psychopathy was first recognised in the early 1800s where the term was used in Austrian psychiatry text books but as Jones (2006, p.392) explains, it was not until 1976 in his classic book The Mask of Sanity that Hervey Cleckley drew on his clinical experience to formulate diagnostic criteria for Psychopathy.   Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy focused less on behaviour as such and more on the person’s thoughts and feelings.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) explain that Cleckley produced a checklist which consisted of 16 distinguishable characteristics of a psychopath, although various researchers have tried to identify the typical characteristics of a psychopath.   They go on to argue that there has been widespread approval of 6 key elements described by Cleckley, they are lack of guilt or remorse, an inability to learn from experience, an inability to delay gratification, an inability to form emotional ties, the constant seeking of stimulation and a superficial cha rm. The most commonly used scale that attempts to operationalise the concept of psychopathy and make assessment more reliable according to Kring et al (2010 p,270), was developed by Robert Hare in 1991 and is called the psychopathy checklist revised, known as the PCL-R test.   The checklist, based on Cleckley’s criteria, is a 20 item clinical rating scale that is completed through interview and information gathered from other sources including criminal records, social worker reports and case histories.   The scale divides into two linked factors, factor one includes interpersonal items, such as superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth and pathological lying, and affective symptoms such as lack of remorse or empathy.   Finally factor two measures socially deviant or anti social lifestyles, such as proneness to boredom and delinquency. The exact relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour according to Mclaughlin and Muncie (2006, p323) has not been completely understood but it is clear that psychopathic charachteristics are highly associated with offending.   Among offenders who score highly on the PCL-R test there are also high levels of criminality and violence.   Hobson and Shine (1998, p.504) findings supports this view, they found that once imprisoned, psychopaths display more violent and aggressive behaviour and are more frequently segregated from other prisoners.   Furthermore, after release, the likelihood of reconviction is significantly above that for non psychopaths, particularly for violent crimes.   This view is shared by Hemphill et al (1998, cited by Gross 2008, p.842) after his Meta analysis study found that psychopathic offenders were three times as likely to reoffend and four times more likely to violently reoffend within a year of release than non psychopathic offenders. The criteria of the PCL-R test may show how psychopathic characteristics relate to offending behaviour.   According to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) the criteria of factor one for example, which   includes grandiose sense of self worth and arrogance, highlights the need of psychopathic individuals to feel they are of high status, this need could be satisfied through various types of offending.   Being pathological liars can also facilitate certain types of offending behaviour.   Psychopaths do not feel the usually constraining emotions of guilt, remorse or empathy; as a result of these lacks of constraints the likelihood of offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased.  Ã‚   The emotional volatility of psychopathic individuals may also explain the increased violence that is evident from the studies previously mentioned. The second factor of the PCL-R which includes characteristics like proneness to boredom, impulsivity and delinquency can demonstrate w hy offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased. The examination of any relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour is not helped by the unsatisfactory definition of the disorder. Jones (2006, p.393) argues that   the definition is circular in that there are certain behaviours that are used to help assess the disorder, the disorder is then, in turn used to explain these behaviours.   He goes on that there is already an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour as it seems crime is incorporated into the definition of the disorder, he concludes that by the very nature of the characteristics of psychopathy, in essence, psychopathic behaviour is criminal behaviour. On analysis of both mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in the psychiatric population it is easy to establish a firm relationship between the two mental disorders described in this essay and offending behaviour.   Schizophrenia is the disorder that is probably the most associated with violent offending, although the actual number does appear to be very small.   There is also an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour although, that does seem to be incorporated in the definition of the disorder. References Davenport, G.C. (1996). Essential Psychology. (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Gross, R. (2008) Psychology The Science Of Mind And Behaviour. (5th ed).   London: Hodder Education. Hobson, J., Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of Psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38,3, 504-515 Jones, S. (2006). Criminology. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., Neale, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (11th Ed). West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McGuire, J., Mason, T., O’Kane, A. (Eds) (2000). Behaviour, Crime and Legal Process .   West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McLaughlin, E. Muncie, J. (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mullen, P.E. (2006). Schizophrenia and Violence: From Correlation to Preventive Strategies, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 239-248 Taylor, P. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in London’s Life Sentenced Offenders. British Journal of Criminology,   26, 63-78 Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and Schizophrenia – Examining the Evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495.

Organism Physiology Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organism Physiology Paper - Essay Example There is an oral sucker around the mouth region and a ventral sucker which is present in the middle of the body and is used for adhering to the host organisms. There is no definitive body cavity and the organs are present embedded in a matrix composed of connective tissue. Somatic muscles pass through the tissue and attach to the outer tegument. The alimentary canal along with a muscular pharynx and esophagus is well-developed in flukes. The intestine is a branched tubular organ which may contain secondary and tertiary branches. The main branch however, leads to the excretory vesicle which also collects the two lateral collecting ducts of the excretory system. In the process of digestion food enters the sac-like gut from the mouth and gets digested. The undigested food then comes out from the mouth as the excretory system is not very specialized. As most trematodes are hermaphrodites with the exception of the blood flukes, they carry the male and female reproductive organs in the sam e body. The male organ is composed of two testes along with accessory glands and ducts that leads to the cirrus, which is equivalent to the penis. The penis then enters the common genital tract. The female reproductive organ contains a single ovary with a seminal receptacle and yolk glands which connect to the oviduct and later expands into the oocyte. The female uterus extends from the oocyte and enters the common genital tract. The fertilization is through self or cross-fertilization. The eggs of the female assemble in the oocyte and then pass through the uterus via the genital tract into the genital pores where fertilization occurs. In the case of the blood flukes, the general body structure remains and the male and female remain in close association within the fold of the tegument on the ventral surface of the male (Castro, 1996). The characteristic flat shape of the flukes is the physiological response of the organism with regard to

In what ways are horses used as symbolism in the plays The New York Essay

In what ways are horses used as symbolism in the plays The New York Idea by Landgon Mitchell, and the play Mazeppa by Henry - Essay Example In order to understand why horses are used in both stories, we must take a closer look at the general perception of what horses stand for. According to Psychics and Mediums Network, a fantastic website dedicated to the interpretation of dreams and symbols, horses in a dream mean the following: Wild forces that have been tamed are symbolized by the horse. Horses are also a symbol of sexuality and were considered by Freud to represent the terrifying aspect of the father. To dream of ridding an out-of-control horse, may indicate that you are being ‘carried away’ by your passions, whereas a tightly tethered horse may show that you inhibit these natural feelings. Therefore, horses reflect on the feelings of individuals—where they are going and what they are doing. This concept is certainly used in both Mitchell and Milner’s works. As noted above, horses are used to judge different individual actions. In the introduction of â€Å"The New York Idea,† Mitche ll states, interestingly enough: â€Å"The temperament of the race-horse has to be considered—much more, that of the 'star'.† (2). This is an important concept in relation to what we have already been discussing. The author is basically admitting the purpose of the horses in the play itself—to reflect on the actions and emotions of individuals. In Mazeppa, we see a similar stance. The bulk of the narrative focuses on a romantic journey on a horse, the horse serving as sort of escape from reality, or one’s emotions and personal responsibilities. This is especially accurate if we compare this with the Freudian interpretation of horses above. Horses can represent one being carried away by one’s passions, and this seems to be in line with what is going on in Mazeppa. Therefore, the general interpretation of what horses can mean symbolically certainly ties back to what Mazeppa is trying to reveal a horse can mean. Another concept present in Psychics and Mediums network is the reflection of what horses generally mean in mythological terms, and again, this concept can be used to better understand the symbols present in both stories that we are discussing. According to Psychics and Mediums Network, horses can myth logically mean the following: In some myths and fairytales horses speak. In dreams, this represents the voice of your unconscious- a message from your innermost self. In Greek myth, horses were associated with Hades, the underworld and death. However, dream prophecy says that to dream of horses indicates that you will receive news from a distance. And it is extremely lucky to dream of a horse being shod. So, the journey of the horse in â€Å"Mazeppa† can be related to the ultimate end of all human journeys—that of death. Basically, there is the sense that no matter what we do with our lives, all of us will eventually face this end of the journey, or the ultimate end, of relinquishing our souls. This concept is not as present in The New York Idea, but if we think of the races present in the story as a type of journey for the horses, then we see a similar concept present; that of the journey and the finish, and whether ones wins or loses it does not really seem to matter when one reaches the final end of all things. The other interesting point to note about this interpretation of horses is the concept of receiving news from a dista

Internet Firewall Security Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internet Firewall Security - Term Paper Example Considering all these cons, one must ensure that a good firewall is in place to keep the hackers at an arm’s length, keeping them at bay is an arduous task. This paper will shed light upon internet firewall security and how a good firewall can protect a person from malware, Trojan horses and other undesirable viruses. Firewall Basics: â€Å"The term "fire wall" originally meant, and still means, a fireproof wall intended to prevent the spread of fire from one room or area of a building to another. The Internet is a volatile and unsafe environment when viewed from a computer-security perspective, therefore "firewall" is an excellent metaphor for network security.† (What is a firewall?) Firewall is not something general, it means several specific things and it is supposed to do several important things to ensure that a user is safeguarded against attacks. Packet filtering is perhaps the most important job of a regular firewall. All the internet activities like downloads, chats and so on are done in packets, and these packets contain information. Firewall must ensure that these packets are either allowed or disallowed based on the source of the internet protocol address known as the IP address. The destination port of these packets is also very important, the firewall is supposed to allow or disallow these packets purely on the basis of their destination port. Firewall must follow a protocol and allow or disallow packets or information based on the set protocol. This method of packet filtering is highly effective against malware and other dangerous attacks but this is not a foolproof plan. All traffic can be blocked by a firewall which does not make much sense; it should allow certain packets which are safe for the user to receive. It has its weaknesses like it becomes very difficult for a basic firewall to detect spoofing which means the information contained in the packets is falsified. Allowed packets may contain a bug which can retrieve a passwor d and cause unwanted actions, a basic firewall is vulnerable to these dangers. Circuit relay is another type of firewall which provides enhanced security, application level gateway is perhaps the most advanced of all and provides even better security. Static Packet Filtering: â€Å"Static packet filtering is a firewall and routing capability that provides network packet filtering based only on packet information in the current packet and administrator rules.† (Statistic Packet Filtering) Static packet filtering is based on the following important things: The administrator defines rules. The allowed ports and IP addresses are set by the administrator and only the allowed ports are allowed to send and receive packets. The transport layer contents, the network and the packet contents are all determined by the administrator. Better level of security is provided by the dynamic packet filtering. Static packet filtering does not look at the contents closely, on the contrary dynamic packet filtering screens contents very closely, previous connection states are also considered by dynamic packet filtering which static packet filtering fails to do. The packet headers are very important under static packet filtering, the information stored in the headers determines whether packets should be allowed or dropped. These headers are compared against the control policy which is set by the administrator. Below is an illustration which presents the same concept very comprehensively. (Static Packet

The Characteristics of Retroviruses

The Characteristics of Retroviruses Retroviruses have various characteristics that make them unique as gene delivery vehicles. Their life cycle includes an integrated state in the DNA of the host chromosome. Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the host cells genome during the normal growth cycle. They use an integrase that acts in a site-specific manner to join the ends of the viral cDNA to target sequences in host cell DNA. The linear ds cDNA made in the cytoplasm is transported to the nucleus where it is also found as circles and as integrated DNA. Two forms of circular DNA are generally found: one having a single Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) and one having two LTRs. It is now thought that the original integrated proviruses were linear molecules with two LTRs. The retroviral promoter can direct high-level, efficient expression of genes encoded within the viral capsid of its genome using chromatin. The retroviral genomes can accommodate changes to its configuration. Retroviruses offer gene therapy researchers aid for delivering genes to target cells at high efficiency that allows for long-term, stable expression of introduced genetic elements The retroviral life cycle begins in the nucleus of an infected cell. At the beginning of the life cycle the retroviral genome is a DNA element integrated into and covalently attached to the DNA of the host cell. Full-length genomic mRNA is made starting at the beginning of the repeat at the 5 LTR (Long Terminal Repeat). The free particle can infect new cells by binding to a cell surface receptor. The specificity of the virus-cell interaction is determined most commonly by the envelope proteins of the retrovirus. Infection leads to injection of the virus nucleoprotein core (consisting of many gag-derived proteins, full-length genomic RNA, and the reverse transcriptase protein). Once inside the cell, the nucleoprotein complex accesses intracellular DNA nucleotide triphosphate pools, where the reverse transcriptase protein initiates and creation of a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome of the virus is prepared for integration into the host cell chromosome. When reverse transcription is completed, the viral enzyme integrase looks for an appropriate storage place for the DNA, which the integrase clips the host DNA to and binds the double-stranded DNA into the host DNA. The virus is the able to initiate a new round of replication again. 3 major proteins encoded in a retroviral genome Gag is a polyprotein and is an acronym for Group Antigens (ag). Pol is the reverse transcriptase. Env is the envelope protein. The group antigens form the viral core structure and are the major proteins which comprise the nucleoprotein core particles. Reverse transcriptase is the essential enzyme that carries out the reverse transcription process that take the RNA genome to a double-stranded DNA preintegrate form. General transcription and proteins are encoded from spliced mRNA of retroviruses. Transcription proceeds through the genome and mRNA is polyadenylated and processed using signals in transcribed regions from the 3 LTR at the end of the transcribed R (repeat). The full-length message can be spliced to lead to production of envelope proteins (or other proteins depending upon retroviral class). Unspliced full-length mRNA can give rise to gag-pol proteins. Gag and Pol are made as either Gag protein or a Gag-Pol precursor. Translated proteins assemble a retroviral particle at the cell surface. Full-length genomic unspliced mRNA is bound by gag-derived proteins and incorporated into the budding particle. Virion structures In retroviruses particle shapes can be divided into distinct categories: A-type particles are immature intracellular forms derived from endogenous retrovirus-like elements and the immature form of MMTV. B-type particles correspond to the extracellular form of MMTV and are characterised by prominent surface protein spikes and a dense asentric nucleocapsid. C-type particles form at the surface of the cell at the site of budding. Lentiviruses bud like C type particles but have a distinctive blunted cone shaped core. D-type particles are the MMPV related viruses of sub-human primates, and differ from B-type particles by a lack of surface spikes. The gag (group specific antigen) gene encodes the viral matrix, capsid and nucleoproteins The protease encodes a product that cleaves the gag polyprotein precursor. It can be encoded as part of Gag or a Gag-Pro-Pol polyprotein The major read-through product is derived from the pol gene which encodes the reverse transcriptase and an integrase which is involved in provirus integration. The envelope gene encodes the surface glycoprotein (SU) transmembrane (TM) polyprotein. Viral entry Retroviruses enter by at least two different manners, dependent upon the retroviral subclass. The viral envelope is critical in each case for recognising appropriate surface receptors to initiate viral fusion to the host target cells. The RNA genome in the free retrovirus is arranged as a diploid genome with identical sequences. The mRNA associates with a tRNA primer (pro, trp, or lys) that is bound by complementary base pairing to 18 base pairs to the U5 region. The integrated form (proviral) of all retroviruses contain transcription regulatory sequences primarily in Long Terminal Repeats (LTR). LTR sequences are derived from sequences unique to the 5 end of viral RNA (U5), from sequences unique to the 3 end of viral RNA (U3), and from sequences repeated at both ends of the viral RNA. The integrated provirus is larger than the viral genome but its complexity is the same because of duplication of U3 and U5 during synthesis. Replication of retroviruses is sensitive to the transcription inhibitors Actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin nucleoside and analogues like 5-bromodioxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside. 5 bromodioxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside are thought to inhibit DNA replication.

essay on beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

In Beowulf, both pagan and Christian elements are present which add religious contrast to the poem. The poem begins with the king, Hrothgar, taking the throne of the Danes. During his reign, one of Hrothgars’ accomplishments included the building of the great Mead hall which served as a place of relaxation for his troops. Years passed and an evil monster came and terrorized the Hall. Then the great warrior, Beowulf, a foreigner offered to help rid the town of the monster. In the end, good triumphed over evil as he defeated the monster and returned the city to it’s people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Present in this poem are certain forms of evil. The greatest of these is the descendent of Cain’s evil against his brother Abel. After Cain killed Abel God punished him by exiling him from the kingdom of God. From Cain’s soul came evil monsters, one in particular, Grendel. He was a demon; a fiend who haunted the moors, the wild marshes and made his home in â€Å"hell† (actually earth). King Hrothgar finished a great mead hall for his warriors to relax and reside in when away from war. Grendel, amused by the sound of drunkenness coming from the hall, kills all who reside there. This punishment and evil went on for twelve years. The people turned to the worship of pagan Gods, hoping they would take the demon back to the pits from whence it derived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the failure of paganism Hrothgar searched for warriors that could defeat the beast. A decorated warrior, Beowulf, sailed from the land of the Geats to help. This shows how God works in mysterious ways. Grendel keeps on attacking the great mead hall but refuses to go after the king’s throne. God protected the throne. This is saying that God will defeat any evil that stands in his path. An example that God controls life and death is the line â€Å"God must decide who will be given to death’s cold grip†. Death is not the last part of life. The mead hall’s gargantuan size symbolizes the people’s desire to be closer to God. It’s reason for construction, so the people could reach the heavens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the poem good clashes with evil. One example would be Grendel taking over the Mead hall. In this instance the mead hall would symbolize safeness and good harmony. One major important clash was when the townspeople gave up on Christianity and went back to paganism to get rid of the monster.

Resolving Legal Disputes Essay

1. What are the issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions? The issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions include but are not limited to the signing of contracts designed to protect both parties, choice of clause, which forum to use when settling a dispute and if arbitration, if used, will be binding or nonbinding. Something else to think about when resolving legal disputes in international transactions would be to gauge when the government stands in the legal proceedings and to find out if the particular countries government can overrule any decisions made by the companies. Other issues would include the political situation, dominant international laws and cultural issues that would influence the achievement or disappointment of the business venture. 2. What are some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country? Some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country include looking out for the best interest of the company your represent as well as future business ventures with the company or country you are in business with. One would also have to take into consideration economic, legal, and ethical associations. The economy of the country that you are contracted with may have ulterior motives in the business arrangement. There may be something that they are benefiting from that you are not. The legal issues may or may not coincide with the legalities of the company that you represent. To deal with that one must state clearly in the said contract where each party stands. Also the ethics of taking legal action, there are many differences in culture and religion that may or may not arise, if they do happen to ari se reasonable accommodations must be made to avoid discrimination suits. 3. What factors could work against CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements? Factors that could work against CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements would be time and money. The time that it would take to set up facilities to be able to produce the drug and also the time it would take to ensure that each facility is working to meet the specific requirements and standards that we require. Money is a factor because it is what is required to set up, run, manufacture, and distribute the said drug. It also takes money to make certain that the sublicensed drug measures up to company ideals. 4. When the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, which should prevail? Explain why. When the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, both should prevail because there are laws in both cases where if you abide by one set of laws you would be violating another set. In the simulation, there was a week in July where the locals were forbidden to shave although company policy states that they must be shaven. Local and organizational laws forbid discrimination against an employee because of religious beliefs. This was a special situation because a blend of both local and organizational laws was used to rectify the situation. 5. How would you compare the issues in this simulation to the domestic legal issues discussed in your Week One readings? How should companies resolve domestic and international issues differently? The issues in this simulation compare to the domestic legal issues discussed in my Week One readings because in both instances the domestic legal issues brought up the issue of arbitration and how to use it as a forum for settling legal issues. The reading in Week One explained how to use arbitration in a domestic sense rather than international. It also explained areas that may be a bit confusing to some. Companies should resolve domestic and international issues differently by specifying which authority disputes are referred.

About Prostitution Essays

About Prostitution Essays About Prostitution Essay About Prostitution Essay Prostitution forms an age-worn but interesting chapter in the history of civilization and presents an important problem for modern society. All civilized countries have offered solutions, none of which are satisfactory, and only a few of them have even modified its baneful influence. We commonly speak of prostitution as being the oldest of the professions, but in the light of historical investigation, this is hardly in keeping with the truth. In order to understand the social construction of ‘prostitution’, we begin with common definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1989). In the English language, the word ‘prostitute’ can be used in several ways. Prostitute can be used as a noun: ‘A woman who is devoted, or (usually) who offers, her body to indiscriminate sexual intercourse, esp. for hire: a common harlot’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) or a verb: ‘To offer (oneself or another) to unlawful, esp. indiscriminate sexual intercourse, usually for hire; to devote or expose to lewdness (Chiefly refl. of a woman)’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) Dictionary descriptors of ‘prostitution’, the industry or practice, include ‘whoredom’ and ‘harlotry’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989a, p. 74). Prostitution is any, or a combination, or all of the following: a) sexual harassment b) rape c) battering d) verbal abuse e) domestic violence f) racial practice g) a violation of human rights h) childhood sexual abuse i) a consequence of male domination of women j) a means of maintaining male domination of women Dictio nary definitions provide only part of the picture. Discourses surrounding prostitution have varied greatly throughout time, demonstrating its dynamic conceptual nature. Despite these developments, particular beliefs have prevailed: for example, nineteenth-century morals have a direct influence upon the worldwide prohibition against prostitution (Perkins, 1991). The definition of a prostitute, as Rey (1851) describes her, as â€Å"a woman who allows the use of her body by any man, without distinction, for a payment, made or expected. † Havelock Ellis says practically the same thing- One who openly abandons her body to a number of men, without choice, for money. Both descriptions emphasize the fact that it is not the abundance of lovers which makes a woman a harlot, but the nature of her relationship with them- The sale of the sweet name of love. In the suppression of individual inclinations she differs from a mistress, a concubine or a polygamous wife. The Roman jurists held that the fee had nothing to do with prostitution. It was the mingling of the sexes, the lack of an individual bond between man and woman and the universal and unrestraine d gratification of sex passion that were its essential features. The fee is always contra bonus mores and not legally collectable. The mercenary side, so prominent today, is a secondary factor, resulting from the development of civilization. Remuneration is only an inevitable corollary of the consideration that a wife is the property of a man and therefore of definite value. The Profession of prostitution, says Parent Duchatelet (1836), is an evil of all times and all countries, and appears to be innate in the social structure of mankind. It will perhaps never be entirely eradicated, still all the more must we strive to limit its extent and its dangers. With prostitution itself, as with vice, crime and disease, the teacher of morals endeavors to prevent the vices, the lawgiver to prevent the crime and the physician to cure the disease. All alike know that they will never fully attain their goal but they pursue their work none the less, in the conviction that who does only a little good, yet does a great service to the weak man. The earliest discourse, based on theology and philosophy, emphasized the immorality and corruption of female souls. Nineteenth-century religious writers considered prostitution to be a ‘social evil that threatened the family as well as the social order’ (Ryan, 1997, p. 20). Prostitution later entered the closely linked medical–legal domains; criminalization of prostitution was facilitated by conceptualizing prostitution as a public health issue, stressing its role in spreadi ng infectious diseases (Ryan, 1997). During the 1970s, the prostitutes’ rights movement arose, which argued that prostitution represented a form of labor, comparable to other ‘helping’ professions, such as doctors, social workers or lawyers (Perkins and Bennett, 1985; Perkins, 1991). Moreover, it was also conceptualized as a contract between equals, having the effect of describing it as a commercial transaction: ‘In this view, individuals own their labor power and stand in relation to their property in their body and capacities in the same relation as their property as property owners’ (Jeffreys, 1997, p. 73) This view dominates the current reality of the adult prostitution sex industry. This has been evident by its largely visible status through maintaining ‘an important presence in political and sexual culture over the last decade’ (Sullivan, 1997, p. 201). It is alarming that the age of entry into prostitution is clearly geared toward younger and younger groups. Kathleen Mahoney, a professor of law in Calgary University, Canada argued in 1995, â€Å"How do we even conceptualize ‘juvenile’ prostitution, when the age of consent for legal sexual activity is constantly lowered, as in the Netherlands and the Philippines? The prehistoric period can, of course, supply us with little accurate knowledge. The earliest human records, about 4000 B. C. , make reference to it, but for anything of value, we must turn to comparative ethnology, where the customs of primitive people throw considerable light on the early stages. There seems no evidence that the elemental sex instinct, the ever-raging animal in man†, as Plato called it, has been altered in the slightest degree by all the centuries of culture and education. The advancing development of mankind in early times, brought sex attraction into close conjunction with the religious impulse, and upon this basis sprang up. A free sexual life, along with the social life, has continued to our own day. The origin of prostitution is closely connected with the rise of brothels and the development of the system of free love. No longer do all the girls, but only a certain few, offer themselves to the frequenters of houses for men. These few generally live in selected domiciles and are paid for their sex services. The common woman also offers herself to strangers and travelers, and this may be the origin of the hospitable prostitute. In Africa, through the influence of slavery, practically all prostitutes were slaves. A young woman was bought, sheltered in a special hut and required to offer herself to anyone in return for a small present, the owner of the slave receiving the earnings. In Dahomey, the King was the proprietor of all these women- a case of government control. In ancient Egypt, Arabia and Israel the courtesan was recruited from divorced and cast-off wives who wandered about from place to place. A study of racial development shows that prostitution exists among all aboriginal peoples where sexual intercourse is restricted or restrained, and that it is nothing more than a new form for the primitive mingling of the races. In its entire history it is a derivative from the free sexual life of primeval man. As Schurtz says, In all places where free love is separated from passions and their satisfaction prostitution is found. † In a civilized society, we should organize that the burden of inequalities, which underlie prostitution, should not be carried by children.

ASU Academic Calendar Essay Example

ASU Academic Calendar Essay Example ASU Academic Calendar Paper ASU Academic Calendar Paper Essay Topic: Academic Spring 2018 Session A: Monday, 01/08/2018 Tuesday, 02/27/2018 Session B: Monday, 03/12/2018 Friday, 04/27/2018 (ASU Online and iCourses may end on Tuesday, 05/01/2018) Session C: Monday, 01/08/2018 Friday, 04/27/2018 (Final Exams 04/30 05/05, 2018) Schedule of Classes Available September 18, 2017 Registration and Tuition Guide Available September 18, 2017 Registration Dates Begin ASU Online students: September 25, 2017 In-Person students: October 16, 2017 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins  (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A December 31, 2017 Session B March 4, 2018 Session C December 31, 2017 Suggested Postmark Date to Meet Payment Deadline January 11, 2018 Classes Begin Session A January 8, 2018 Session B March 12, 2018 Session C January 8, 2018 Academic Status Reports – Faculty have the opportunity to provide weekly feedback during each session.   Students can view ASRs in MyASU within 24 hours after each weekly reporting period closes on Sundays Session A Jan 8 Feb 18, 2018 Session B Mar 12 Apr 22, 2018 Session C Jan 8 Apr 22, 2018 Extended Hours (Registration Sites Only) TBD Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A January 9, 2018 Session B March 13, 2018 Session C January 14, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline January 12, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy.  Note:  If you choose to  drop a class  or  withdraw from ASU  after this deadline, you may receive a bill for the financial aid used to cover those classes. Session A January 14, 2018 Session B March 18, 2018 Session C January 21, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 9/25/17 through 1/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines January 25, 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Observed University Closed January 15, 2018 University 21st Day Session A January 29, 2018 Session B April 2, 2018 Session C January 29, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation (See also Grad Fair dates at Sun Devil Campus Bookstores) February 15, 2018 University 45th Day February 21, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 1/19/2018 through 2/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines February 25, 2018 Spring Break – Classes Excused March 4 11, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 2/19/2018 through 3/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines March 25, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A January 26, 2018 Session B April 1, 2018 Session C April 1, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process.   For more information click  here. Session A February 27, 2018 Session B April 27, 2018 Session C April 27, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions (Session B ASU Online iCourses may end Tuesday, 5/1/2018) Session A February 27, 2018 Session B April 27, 2018 Session C April 27, 2018 Study Days Session A N/A Session B N/A Session C April 28 29, 2018 Final Exams Session A Last day of classes Session B Last day of classes Session C April 30 May 5, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A March 2, 2018 Session B April 30 May 7, 2018 Session C April 30 May 7, 2018 Commencement   (Graduate and Undergraduate) May 7, 2018 Degree Conferral Date May 7, 2018 Grade Replacement/Academic Standing Processing May 8 9, 2018 Summer 2018 Session A: Wednesday, 05/16/2018 Tuesday, 06/26/2018 Session B: Friday, 06/29/2018 Thursday, 08/09/2018 Session C: Wednesday, 05/16/2018 Tuesday, 07/10/2018 Schedule of Classes Available February 6, 2018 Registration Dates Begin February 7, 2018 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A May 8, 2018 Session B June 21, 2018 Session C May 8, 2018 Suggested Postmark to Meet Tuition/Fee Payment Deadline May 11, 2018 Classes Begin Session A May 16, 2018 Session B June 29, 2018 Session C May 16, 2018 Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A May 17, 2018 Session B July 2, 2018 Session C May 17, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline May 17, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy. Session A May 20, 2018 Session B July 3, 2018 Session C May 20, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration through 5/18/18, 2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. May 25, 2018 Memorial Day Observed No Classes May 28, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A June 5, 2018 Session B July 19, 2018 Session C June 5, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation June 15, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 5/19/18 through 6/18/18.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. June 25, 2018 Independence Day Observed No Classes July 4, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process. Session A June 26, 2018 Session B August 9,   2018 Session C July 10, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions Session A June 26, 2018 Session B August 9, 2018 Session C July 10, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A June 28, 2018 Session B August 11, 2018 Session C July 12, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 6/19/18 through 7/18/18.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. July 25, 2018 Degree Conferral Date August 9, 2018 Grade Replacement Processing August 13, 2018 Fall 2018 Session A: Thursday, 08/16/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 10/05/2018 Session B: Wednesday, 10/10/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 11/30/2018 Session C: Thursday, 08/16/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 11/30/2018 (Final Exams 12/03/2018 12/08/2018) Schedule of Classes Available February 19, 2018 Registration and Tuition Guide Available February 19, 2018 Registration Dates Begin February 22, 2018 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins  (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A August 8, 2018 Session B October 2, 2018 Session C August 8, 2018 Classes Begin Session A August 16, 2018 Session B October 10, 2018 Session C August 16, 2018 Academic Status Reports – Faculty have the opportunity to provide weekly feedback during each session.   Students can view ASRs in MyASU within 24 hours after each weekly reporting period closes on Sunday. Session A Aug 16 Sept 30, 2018 Session B Oct 10 Nov 25, 2018 Session C Aug 16 Nov 25, 2018 Extended Hours (Registration Sites Only) TBD Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A August 17, 2018 Session B October 11, 2018 Session C August 22, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline August 22, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration through 8/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. August 25, 2018 Labor Day Observed University Closed September 3, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy.  Note:  If you choose to  drop a class  or  withdraw from ASU  after this deadline, you may receive a bill for the financial aid used to cover those classes. Session A August 22, 2018 Session B October 16, 2018 Session C August 29, 2018 University 21st Day Session A September 5, 2018 Session B October 30, 2018 Session C September 5, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 8/19/2018 through 9/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. September 25, 2018 University 45th Day September 29, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation October 1, 2018 Fall Break – Classes Excused October 6 October 9, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 9/19/2018 through 10/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. October 25, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A September 5, 2018 Session B October 30, 2018 Session C October 31, 2018 Veterans Day Observed University Closed November 12, 2018 Thanksgiving Holiday Observed University Closed November 22 23, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process. Session A October 5, 2018 Session B November 30, 2018 Session C November 30, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions Session A October 5, 2018 Session B November 30, 2018 Session C November 30, 2018 Study Days Session A N/A Session B N/A Session C December 1 2, 2018 Final Exams Session A Last day of classes Session B Last day of classes Session C December 3 8, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A October 8, 2018 Session B December 3 10, 2018 Session C December 3 10, 2018 Commencement   (Graduate and Undergraduate) December 10, 2018 Degree Conferral Date December 10, 2018 Grade Replacement/Academic Standing Processing December 11 12, 2018 Holiday Break University Closed December 24-25, 2018

Aristotle view friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aristotle view friendship - Essay Example According to Tutuska, Aristotle described friendship of utility as the one that is for the old and that it is easily dissolved. He also described it as acquaintance since it is based on something that is introduced into the relationship by the other person. He described friendship of pleasure as the one that is normally built among the young people as it has great influences from the pleasures and passions that are in their lives. Tutuska explains that these types of friendship are unstable and that they are bound to change with time which leads to dissolving of the friendship. Aristotle explains that the only difference between friendship of utility and that of pleasure is that people in friendship of pleasure seeks for something that is pleasant to them at the moment whereas those seeking friendship of utility are looking for a business deal or long term benefits. It can also be identified that the bonds between individuals in friendship of utility are very weak and this leads to i t being easily dissolved. Tutuska goes ahead to describe the third type of friendship as that friendship of virtue. Aristotle termed this as the highest friendship that one can achieve as it is based on the fact that a person wishes the best their friends regardless of utility or pleasure. Aristotle calls it as a sort that is complete as it exists between people who are good and are alike in virtue. He terms it as a friendship that is long lasting and that it is tough to obtain as these types of people are hard to come by as it takes someone to do a lot of work to have virtuous friendship. Virtuous friendship requires a lot of time and care to be spent and therefore it limits the number of friends that can be found in it. Friendship of virtue is felt among the good people and that it is resistant to slander. The main reasons that Aristotle values friendship so much is that friendship supersedes honour and justice. He argues that there is no any person who would wish to stay without a friend. He also says that those people who are in leadership and are given a great deal of power are in dire need of friendship and that law makers tend to take friendship with a lot of seriousness than justice. He terms friendship as glue that holds cities together and that it is beautiful by itself. Aristotle also argues that friendship can be enjoyed since it is choiceworthy for its own sake and that it is something that is much greater that being honoured (Tutuska 353-355). Aristotle explains that it takes character to maintain virtuous friendships which helps in maintaining a solid community as communities are built around friendship. He also argues that virtuous friendships are very few and that friendships of utility and that of pleasure are the ones that keep the cities together. This makes it clear to us that there is still the need to retain honour and justice within friendships. Ways in which friendship shape our public activity Friendship can be termed as a relationshi p that exists among people who are in good terms with each other as explained above. This means that when handling any activity in public, a person will be keen to take care of the feeling of other people. Therefore, people will avoid any speech or activity that can lead to any form of violence among the co-existing communities. This helps in the development of any nation as the environment that will be created in a peaceful nation will

Birthright Citizenship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birthright Citizenship - Research Paper Example The current interpretation was intended to reflect the population policy of the state. In the initial years of the American nation, there was inadequate work force to power development in the country. Therefore, the government adopted an approach that increased the chances of becoming American citizens. In those times, there were no requirements. In fact, even the property ownership principles were different. For example, due to the perception that America was virtually empty, the original settlers just camped on the site and then obtained the necessary paperwork. These laws have since changed to reflect the changing times. While all people who landed in America had a choice to stay and automatically become citizens, immigration laws have limited acquisition of citizenship (Lacey par 5). The only remaining aspect is birthright citizenship. There are propositions that there are better models of granting citizenship to people who live in the United States. For example, before a person is granted birthright citizenship, their parents, or at least one of them, would be required to be an American citizen. In this way, all children born to alien parents have to acquire citizenship in other ways. In this way, the issue of mothers timing their deliveries to coincide with visits to the country would no longer be a problem. At this point, it is relevant to understand the motivation behind strict control of immigration. Over the years, the American population has grown rapidly. This growth was fuelled by immigration, especially from Europe. However, the current population is exceeding the ability of the countries resources. For example, there are people who blame the presence of immigrant in the country for the poor wage structures and thus for reduced standards of living. There are many flaws to this model, but for this paper, it will be adopted because it is influential to the population policies adopted by the

Porter s 5 forces analysis for luxury good industry Assignment

Porter s 5 forces analysis for luxury good industry - Assignment Example They usually have brand loyalty and may not want to switch because the brand defines them. However, their preferences can shift very often, making it hard for the firm to meet their needs continually. As a result, firms in this industry have to work harder to be able to continually impress the customers with the latest innovations. This costs the firm very much, but they can get their investment back because the customers are willing to pay more dollars for the products, as long as they are happy with the product. The threat of substitutes is high for this sector because they are readily available. Furthermore, the luxury goods are not a necessity and so the buyers can easily survive without them. As a result, when the economy is not doing well, the luxury market is likely to suffer first and the most. In such a case, the buyers can easily switch to substitutes because the switching cost is very low, or no switching cost at all. This makes it hard for the firms in this sector to have a strategic advantage over its customers. Firms in this industry are therefore hard pressed to make sure that the customer will not have the need to switch to an alternative because if they do not do that, they will easily lose their customers. One of the factors identified by Porter (1998) with regard to the strategic position of a business is the supplier bargaining power. For the luxury products sector, the suppliers do not have much bargaining power. This is because they can easily switch to other suppliers in an easy and efficient way without any significant cost. This means that the bargaining of suppliers is moderate, or even very weak in some instances. The firms can easily get the items being supplied by one supplier from almost any other supplier in the market. If the firm is able to buy in bulk, they even have an even bigger advantage. Usually, the number of suppliers is very high ad this gives more bargaining power to the buyers and less power to the suppliers.

Great Depression Paper 3 Study Questions Essay Example for Free

Great Depression Paper 3 Study Questions Essay 1. The effect of the Great Depression on the society of any country in the Americas. The Great Depression brought a rapid rise in the CRIME RATE as many unemployed workers resorted to petty theft to put food on the table. Suicide rates rose, as did reported cases of malnutrition. Prostitution was on the rise as desperate women sought ways to pay the bills. Health care in general was not a priority for many Americans, as visiting the doctor was reserved for only the direst of circumstances. Alcoholism increased with Americans seeking outlets for escape, compounded by the repeal of prohibition in 1933. Cigar smoking became too expensive, so many Americans switched to cheaper cigarettes. Higher education remained out of reach for most Americans as the nations universities saw their student bodies shrink during the first half of the decade. High school attendance increased among males, however. Because the prospects of a young male getting a job were so incredibly dim, many decided to stay in school longer. However, public spending on education declined sharply, causing many schools to open understaffed or close due to lack of funds. Demographic trends also changed sharply. Marriages were delayed as many males waited until they could provide for a family before proposing to a prospective spouse. Divorce rates dropped steadily in the 1930s. Rates of abandonment increased as many husbands chose the poor mans divorce option — they just ran away from their marriages. Birth rates fell sharply, especially during the lowest points of the Depression. More and more Americans learned about birth control to avoid the added expenses of unexpected children. Mass migrations continued throughout the 1930s. Rural New England and upstate New York lost many citizens seeking opportunity elsewhere. TheGREAT PLAINS lost population to states such as California and Arizona. The Dust Bowl sent thousands of OKIES and ARKIES looking to make a better life. Many of the MIGRANTS were adolescents seeking opportunity away from a family that had younger mouths to feed. Over 600,000 people were caught hitching rides on trains during the Great Depression. Many times offenders went unpunished. 2. The effect of FDR’s domestic policies in the 1930’s on the power of the presidency, the power of the states attitudes towards government regulation of the economy. 4. The success of one government of the Americas to try solve the problems of the Great Depression. 8. Success of programs of governments of the Americas to deal with the Depression. Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the White House in 1932 at the darkest hour of the Great Depression, promising a new deal for the American people. The package of legislative reforms that came to be known as the New Deal permanently and dramatically transformed the politics and economy of the United States. Shortly after taking office, Roosevelt explained to the American people that his New Deal program would seek to deliver relief, recovery, and reform—the so-called 3 Rs. In the field of relief, the New Deal proved to be highly successful. Millions of Americans, unable to find work in an economy that was still badly broken four years into the Great Depression, might have literally starved to death if not for the government checks they earned by working for new agencies like the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration. FDR created other policies such as the AAA which paid farmers to destruct crops and reduce production to keep prices from falling, National Industry Recovery Act which established a minimum wage and maximum working hours. In terms of reform, the New Deal legacy may have been unmatched in American history. For better or worse, Roosevelts program drastically altered the relationship between the capitalist market, the people, and their government, creating for the first time in this countrys history an activist state committed to providing individual citizens with a measure of security against the unpredictable turns of the market. Whether this vast enlargement of the governments role in American society helped or hurt the countrys long-run prospects remains a question of great political controversy to this day, but there can be no denying the magnitude of change wrought by FDRs presidency. When it came to recovery, however, the New Deals performance lagged. It was certainly successful in both short-term relief, and in implementing long-term structural reform. However, the New Deal failed to end the Great Depression. Throughout the decade of the 1930s,unemployment remained brutally high, while economic growth remained painfully slow. Recovery only came about, at last, in Roosevelts third term, when the heavy demands of mobilization for World War II finally restored the country to full employment. Ironically, then, Adolf Hitler probably did more to end the Great Depression in America than Franklin Roosevelt did. Still, despite failing in its most important objective, the New Deal forever changed this country. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a Democratic majority that lasted for half a century. The structural stability and social security provided by the New Deals reforms underlay a postwar economic boom that many historians and economists have described as the golden age of American capitalism. And Roosevelt permanently changed the American peoples expectations of their presidents and their government. 3. The achievements limitations of Mackenzie King as Prime Minister of Canada. In the initial six months following the stock market crash, King took little action to address problems like unemployment. When asked where the proceeds of raised taxes would go, King answered â€Å"I would not give them (a Tory government) a five-cent piece.† King took a ‘hands-off’ approach to the situation because he believed the economy would fix itself. He appeared unwilling to address the problems of the depression. He began a policy of freer trade. Within three weeks of taking office he had signed a trade agreement with the United States (1935). This marked the turning away from the ever-increasing tariff barriers between the two countries which had reached their peak with the Hawley-Smoot tariff and the Bennett tariff, both in 1930. A further trade agreement was signed three years later involving Great Britain as well as the United States. Soon after taking office King appointed a National Employment Commission, which was assigned to reorganize the administration of all relief expenditures, and recommend measures which to create employment opportunities. The NEC was ineffective. Most of the relief was administered by provincial and municipal governments and, even though the federal government was providing much of the money, there was little the federal government could do to change the system. The 1938 budget included $25 million in additional expenditure after pressure from the NEC. This was a turning point in Canadian fiscal policy—for the first time a government had consciously decided to spend money to counteract a low in the business cycle. This was the application of Keynesian economics, which saw that governments should deliberately invest into the economy during times of depression in order to counterbalance the deficiency, because private enterprise was not in the position to do so itself. In addition to the expenditures in the budget the government also offered loans to municipal. Nationalities for local improvements and passed a Housing Act to encourage the building of homes. Consistent with this Keynesian approach, the government also reduced some taxes and offered some tax exemptions for private investors. 5. The causes of the Great Depression its effects. Great Depression: Causes Stock Market Crash of 1929: The stock market crash took place on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. It was one of the major causes that led to the Great Depression. Two months after the original crash, the stockholders had lost more than 40 billion dollars. By the end of 1930s, the stock market started to regain some of its losses. However, it was not sufficient and America was in the state of the Great Depression. This situation was worsened by firming of money rates to the commercial interests. Bank Failures: Throughout the 1930s, a huge bank failure took place and more than 9,000 banks failed. Most bank deposits were uninsured. As a result, a number of people lost their savings due to the bank failures. Because of uncertain economic situation and problems of bank survival, people were not willing to go for new loans. Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board: With the stock market crash and fears of economic woes, people from all classes stopped purchasing any items and avoided expenditures. As a result, production of a number of items was decreased. It ultimately resulted in a reduction in the workforce. As numerous people lost their jobs, they were unable to pay for the items they had bought on installment plans. As a result, their items were repossessed. There was an accumulation of more inventories. About 25% of people were unemployed. American Economic Policy with Europe: As the businesses begin to fail, the government created the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in the year 1930 in order to help protect the American companies. A higher tax was charged for the imports, leading to a reduced trade between the U.S. and the foreign countries. Drought Conditions: The drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 is also regarded as one of the major causes of the Great Depression (though not a direct cause). As a result, several people were not able to pay their taxes due to other debts. Therefore, they had to sell their farms without gaining any profit. They moved to the cities in search of jobs. Many farmers lived on charity, along with their families. Economic Effects: As it was a major economic phenomenon it had serious and widespread economic effects. Trade Collapse. The Depression became a worldwide business downturn of the 1930s that affected almost all countries. International commerce declined quickly. There was a sharp reduction in tax revenues, profits and personal incomes. It affected both countries that exported raw materials and the industrialized countries. It led to a sharp decrease in world trade as each country tried to protect their own industries and products by raising tariffs on imports. World Trade collapsed with trade in 1939 still below the 1929 level. It set the wheels rolling towards the end of international gold standards and consequently the emergence of the fixed exchange rate system. Reduction in Government Spending. Governments all around the world reduced their spending, which led to decreased consumer demand. Construction came to a standstill in many nations. As a consequence of government actions, the real Gross National Product of nations like United States and Britain fell by 30.5%, wholesale prices fell by 30.8%, and consumer prices fell by 24.4%. Employee Distress Wages were scaled down to 20 percent, whereas 25 percent of the workforce was left unemployed. This led to decrease in the standard of living pushing the economy further into the depth of the Depression. Breakdown of the Financial Machinery. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and several were wiped out, losing everything. Banks, stores, and factories were closed and left millions of people jobless, penniless and homeless. In 1929, 659 public sector banks were shut and by the end of 1931 this number rose to 2294. Many people came to depend on the government or charities to provide them with food. Effect on Agriculture. Due to lack of subsidies and loans, farmers were unable to support mass produce leading to under-capacity output. Textile farming faced the major blow. The period served as a precursor to one of the worst droughts in modern American history that struck the Great Plains in 1934. Although a few segments under agriculture e.g. cotton benefited from the crisis, in general the whole agricultural sector experienced a setback. Political Effects. The Depression had profound political effects. In countries such as Germany and Japan, reaction to the Depression brought about the rise to power of militarist governments who adopted the aggressive foreign policies that led to the Second World War. In Germany, weak economic conditions led to the rise to power of Adolf Hitler. Germany suffered greatly because of the huge debt the country was burdened by following World War I. The Japanese invaded China and developed mines and industries in Manchuria. Japan thought that this economic growth would relieve the Depression. In countries such as the United States and Britain, the government intervened which ultimately resulted in the creation of welfare systems. Franklin D. Roosevelt became the United States President in 1933. He promised a New Deal under which the government would intervene to reduce unemployment by work-creation schemes such as painting of the post offices and street cleaning. Both agriculture and industry were supported by policies to limit output and increase prices. 6. Factors of world trade finance that caused the Great Depression in the Americas. In the 1920s more people invested in the stock market than ever before. Stock prices rose so fast that at the end of the decade, some people became rich overnight by buying and selling stocks. People could buy stocks on margin which was like installment buying. People could buy stocks for only a 10% down payment! The buyer would hold the stock until the price rose and then sell it for a profit. As long as the stock prices kept going up, the system worked. However, during 1928 and 1929, the prices of many stocks went up faster than the value of the companies the stocks represented. Some experts warned that the bull market would end. Buying on credit was a huge problem in the 1920s. Since the 20s was a period of great economic boom, not many people took the future into consideration. Many people bought refrigerators, cars, etc. with money that they did not have. This system was called installment buying. With this system, people could make a monthly, weekly, or yearly payment on an item that they wanted or needed. This happened until Black Tuesday, when the stock market crashed. The two systems, installment buying and buying on credit, left millions of people in debt. When many lost their jobs, they could not pay back the debts they had incurred. Supply and demand helped bring about and also lengthen the Great Depression. The American farms and factories produced large amounts of goods and products during the prosperity before the Depression. On average peoples wages stayed the same even as prices for these goods soared. People who lived on farms had even less than urban dwellers. Because people had no money, they stopped buying these products, but factories and farms still continued to produce at the same rate. As the farmers and industry leaders realized fewer people were buying, they cut back production. To do this, they had to lay off more and more workers. These unemployed workers didnt have money to buy anything, so the factories continued to lay off people. This trend continued in a downward spiral until twenty-five per cent of the population was unemployed. In the summer of 1929, a few stock market investors began selling their stock. They predicted that the bull market might end soon, leaving them in debt. Seeing these few investors begin to sell, others soon followed creating a domino effect. The sudden selling caused stock prices to fall. President Herbert Hoover tried to reassure the investors saying the countrys economy was fine and that they had no reason to worry. The words of the President were not enough, however; the selling continued. Many investors in the stock market had bought large amounts of stock on margin. Nervous brokers asked investors to pay their debts, and when they couldnt repay they were forced to sell, causing stock prices to fall even more. On Tuesday, October 29, 1929, stock prices plummeted because there were no buyers for the stock offered by desperate sellers. Millions of dollars were lost that day due to the decrease in stock prices. Black Tuesday, as it was soon called, led directly to the Great Depression in the 1930s. 7. The relationship of business government changed by the Great Depression in the Americas. In the early years of American history, most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector, except in the area of transportation. In general, they accepted the concept of laissez-faire, a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order. This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century, when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf. By the turn of the century, a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West. Known as Progressives, these people favored government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise. They also fought corruption in the public sector. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act). These laws were not rigorously enforced, however, until the years between 1900 and 1920, when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Democratic President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power. Many of todays U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission. Government involvement in the economy increased most significantly during the New Deal of the 1930s. The 1929 stock market crash had initiated the most serious economic dislocation in the nations history, the Great Depression (1929-1940). President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) launched the New Deal to alleviate the emergency. Many of the most important laws and institutions that define Americans modern economy can be traced to the New Deal era. New Deal legislation extended federal authority in banking, agriculture, and public welfare. It established minimum standards for wages and hours on the job, and it served as a catalyst for the expansion of labor unions in such industries as steel, automobiles, and rubber. Programs and agencies that today seem indispensable to the operation of the countrys modern economy were created: the Securities and Exchange Commission, which regulates the stock market; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guarantees bank deposits; and, perhaps most notably, the Social Security system, which provides pensions to the elderly based on contr ibutions they made when they were part of the work force. New Deal leaders flirted with the idea of building closer ties between business and government, but some of these efforts did not survive past World War II. The National Industrial Recovery Act, a short-lived New Deal program, sought to encourage business leaders and workers, with government supervision, to resolve conflicts and thereby increase productivity and efficiency. While America never took the turn to fascism that similar business-labor-government arrangements did in Germany and Italy, the New Deal initiatives did point to a new sharing of power among these three key economic players. This confluence of power grew even more during the war, as the U.S. government intervened extensively in the economy. The War Production Board coordinated the nations productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met. Converted consumer-products plants filled many military orders. Automakers built tanks and aircraft, for example, making the United States the arsenal of democracy. In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products to cause inflation, the newly created Office of Price Administration controlled rents on some dwellings, rationed consumer items ranging from sugar to gasoline, and otherwise tried to restrain price increases. 9. The political economic changes in the Americas caused by the Depression. The Great Depression was a period in History when business was weak and many people were out of work. The Great Depression began on 29th October 1929, when the stock market in the United States crashed. It quickly turned into a worldwide economic slump owing to the special and close relationships that had been developed between the United States and European economies after World War I. It was the industrialized western worlds longest and most severe depression ever experienced. It ended with the arrival of the War Economy of World War II which began in 1939. Economic Effects: As it was a major economic phenomenon it had serious and widespread economic effects. Trade Collapse. The Depression became a worldwide business downturn of the 1930s that affected almost all countries. International commerce declined quickly. There was a sharp reduction in tax revenues, profits and personal incomes. It affected both countries that exported raw materials and the industrialized countries. It led to a sharp decrease in world trade as each country tried to protect their own industries and products by raising tariffs on imports. World Trade collapsed with trade in 1939 still below the 1929 level. It set the wheels rolling towards the end of international gold standards and consequently the emergence of the fixed exchange rate system. Reduction in Government Spending. Governments all around the world reduced their spending, which led to decreased consumer demand. Construction came to a standstill in many nations. As a consequence of government actions, the real Gross National Product of nations like United States and Britain fell by 30.5%, wholesale prices fell by 30.8%, and consumer prices fell by 24.4%. Employee Distress Wages were scaled down to 20 percent, whereas 25 percent of the workforce was left unemployed. This led to decrease in the standard of living pushing the economy further into the depth of the Depression. Breakdown of the Financial Machinery. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and several were wiped out, losing everything. Banks, stores, and factories were closed and left millions of people jobless, penniless and homeless. In 1929, 659 public sector banks were shut and by the end of 1931 this number rose to 2294. Many people came to depend on the government or charities to provide them with food. Effect on Agriculture. Due to lack of subsidies and loans, farmers were unable to support mass produce leading to under-capacity output. Textile farming faced the major blow. The period served as a precursor to one of the worst droughts in modern American history that struck the Great Plains in 1934. Although a few segments under agriculture e.g. cotton benefited from the crisis, in general the whole agricultural sector experienced a setback. Political Effects. The Depression had profound political effects. In countries such as Germany and Japan, reaction to the Depression brought about the rise to power of militarist governments who adopted the aggressive foreign policies that led to the Second World War. In Germany, weak economic conditions led to the rise to power of Adolf Hitler. Germany suffered greatly because of the huge debt the country was burdened by following World War I. The Japanese invaded China and developed mines and industries in Manchuria. Japan thought that this economic growth would relieve the Depression. In countries such as the United States and Britain, the government intervened which ultimately resulted in the creation of welfare systems. Franklin D. Roosevelt became the United States President in 1933. He promised a New Deal under which the government would intervene to reduce unemployment by work-creation schemes such as painting of the post offices and street cleaning. Both agriculture and industry were supported by policies to limit output and increase prices.