The Characteristics of Retroviruses

The Characteristics of Retroviruses Retroviruses have various characteristics that make them unique as gene delivery vehicles. Their life cycle includes an integrated state in the DNA of the host chromosome. Retroviruses are the only animal viruses that integrate into the host cells genome during the normal growth cycle. They use an integrase that acts in a site-specific manner to join the ends of the viral cDNA to target sequences in host cell DNA. The linear ds cDNA made in the cytoplasm is transported to the nucleus where it is also found as circles and as integrated DNA. Two forms of circular DNA are generally found: one having a single Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) and one having two LTRs. It is now thought that the original integrated proviruses were linear molecules with two LTRs. The retroviral promoter can direct high-level, efficient expression of genes encoded within the viral capsid of its genome using chromatin. The retroviral genomes can accommodate changes to its configuration. Retroviruses offer gene therapy researchers aid for delivering genes to target cells at high efficiency that allows for long-term, stable expression of introduced genetic elements The retroviral life cycle begins in the nucleus of an infected cell. At the beginning of the life cycle the retroviral genome is a DNA element integrated into and covalently attached to the DNA of the host cell. Full-length genomic mRNA is made starting at the beginning of the repeat at the 5 LTR (Long Terminal Repeat). The free particle can infect new cells by binding to a cell surface receptor. The specificity of the virus-cell interaction is determined most commonly by the envelope proteins of the retrovirus. Infection leads to injection of the virus nucleoprotein core (consisting of many gag-derived proteins, full-length genomic RNA, and the reverse transcriptase protein). Once inside the cell, the nucleoprotein complex accesses intracellular DNA nucleotide triphosphate pools, where the reverse transcriptase protein initiates and creation of a double-stranded DNA copy of the genome of the virus is prepared for integration into the host cell chromosome. When reverse transcription is completed, the viral enzyme integrase looks for an appropriate storage place for the DNA, which the integrase clips the host DNA to and binds the double-stranded DNA into the host DNA. The virus is the able to initiate a new round of replication again. 3 major proteins encoded in a retroviral genome Gag is a polyprotein and is an acronym for Group Antigens (ag). Pol is the reverse transcriptase. Env is the envelope protein. The group antigens form the viral core structure and are the major proteins which comprise the nucleoprotein core particles. Reverse transcriptase is the essential enzyme that carries out the reverse transcription process that take the RNA genome to a double-stranded DNA preintegrate form. General transcription and proteins are encoded from spliced mRNA of retroviruses. Transcription proceeds through the genome and mRNA is polyadenylated and processed using signals in transcribed regions from the 3 LTR at the end of the transcribed R (repeat). The full-length message can be spliced to lead to production of envelope proteins (or other proteins depending upon retroviral class). Unspliced full-length mRNA can give rise to gag-pol proteins. Gag and Pol are made as either Gag protein or a Gag-Pol precursor. Translated proteins assemble a retroviral particle at the cell surface. Full-length genomic unspliced mRNA is bound by gag-derived proteins and incorporated into the budding particle. Virion structures In retroviruses particle shapes can be divided into distinct categories: A-type particles are immature intracellular forms derived from endogenous retrovirus-like elements and the immature form of MMTV. B-type particles correspond to the extracellular form of MMTV and are characterised by prominent surface protein spikes and a dense asentric nucleocapsid. C-type particles form at the surface of the cell at the site of budding. Lentiviruses bud like C type particles but have a distinctive blunted cone shaped core. D-type particles are the MMPV related viruses of sub-human primates, and differ from B-type particles by a lack of surface spikes. The gag (group specific antigen) gene encodes the viral matrix, capsid and nucleoproteins The protease encodes a product that cleaves the gag polyprotein precursor. It can be encoded as part of Gag or a Gag-Pro-Pol polyprotein The major read-through product is derived from the pol gene which encodes the reverse transcriptase and an integrase which is involved in provirus integration. The envelope gene encodes the surface glycoprotein (SU) transmembrane (TM) polyprotein. Viral entry Retroviruses enter by at least two different manners, dependent upon the retroviral subclass. The viral envelope is critical in each case for recognising appropriate surface receptors to initiate viral fusion to the host target cells. The RNA genome in the free retrovirus is arranged as a diploid genome with identical sequences. The mRNA associates with a tRNA primer (pro, trp, or lys) that is bound by complementary base pairing to 18 base pairs to the U5 region. The integrated form (proviral) of all retroviruses contain transcription regulatory sequences primarily in Long Terminal Repeats (LTR). LTR sequences are derived from sequences unique to the 5 end of viral RNA (U5), from sequences unique to the 3 end of viral RNA (U3), and from sequences repeated at both ends of the viral RNA. The integrated provirus is larger than the viral genome but its complexity is the same because of duplication of U3 and U5 during synthesis. Replication of retroviruses is sensitive to the transcription inhibitors Actinomycin D, alpha-amanitin nucleoside and analogues like 5-bromodioxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside. 5 bromodioxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside are thought to inhibit DNA replication.

essay on beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

In Beowulf, both pagan and Christian elements are present which add religious contrast to the poem. The poem begins with the king, Hrothgar, taking the throne of the Danes. During his reign, one of Hrothgars’ accomplishments included the building of the great Mead hall which served as a place of relaxation for his troops. Years passed and an evil monster came and terrorized the Hall. Then the great warrior, Beowulf, a foreigner offered to help rid the town of the monster. In the end, good triumphed over evil as he defeated the monster and returned the city to it’s people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Present in this poem are certain forms of evil. The greatest of these is the descendent of Cain’s evil against his brother Abel. After Cain killed Abel God punished him by exiling him from the kingdom of God. From Cain’s soul came evil monsters, one in particular, Grendel. He was a demon; a fiend who haunted the moors, the wild marshes and made his home in â€Å"hell† (actually earth). King Hrothgar finished a great mead hall for his warriors to relax and reside in when away from war. Grendel, amused by the sound of drunkenness coming from the hall, kills all who reside there. This punishment and evil went on for twelve years. The people turned to the worship of pagan Gods, hoping they would take the demon back to the pits from whence it derived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the failure of paganism Hrothgar searched for warriors that could defeat the beast. A decorated warrior, Beowulf, sailed from the land of the Geats to help. This shows how God works in mysterious ways. Grendel keeps on attacking the great mead hall but refuses to go after the king’s throne. God protected the throne. This is saying that God will defeat any evil that stands in his path. An example that God controls life and death is the line â€Å"God must decide who will be given to death’s cold grip†. Death is not the last part of life. The mead hall’s gargantuan size symbolizes the people’s desire to be closer to God. It’s reason for construction, so the people could reach the heavens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the poem good clashes with evil. One example would be Grendel taking over the Mead hall. In this instance the mead hall would symbolize safeness and good harmony. One major important clash was when the townspeople gave up on Christianity and went back to paganism to get rid of the monster.

Resolving Legal Disputes Essay

1. What are the issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions? The issues involved in resolving legal disputes in international transactions include but are not limited to the signing of contracts designed to protect both parties, choice of clause, which forum to use when settling a dispute and if arbitration, if used, will be binding or nonbinding. Something else to think about when resolving legal disputes in international transactions would be to gauge when the government stands in the legal proceedings and to find out if the particular countries government can overrule any decisions made by the companies. Other issues would include the political situation, dominant international laws and cultural issues that would influence the achievement or disappointment of the business venture. 2. What are some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country? Some practical considerations of taking legal action against a foreign business partner based in another country include looking out for the best interest of the company your represent as well as future business ventures with the company or country you are in business with. One would also have to take into consideration economic, legal, and ethical associations. The economy of the country that you are contracted with may have ulterior motives in the business arrangement. There may be something that they are benefiting from that you are not. The legal issues may or may not coincide with the legalities of the company that you represent. To deal with that one must state clearly in the said contract where each party stands. Also the ethics of taking legal action, there are many differences in culture and religion that may or may not arise, if they do happen to ari se reasonable accommodations must be made to avoid discrimination suits. 3. What factors could work against CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements? Factors that could work against CadMex’s decision to grant sublicensing agreements would be time and money. The time that it would take to set up facilities to be able to produce the drug and also the time it would take to ensure that each facility is working to meet the specific requirements and standards that we require. Money is a factor because it is what is required to set up, run, manufacture, and distribute the said drug. It also takes money to make certain that the sublicensed drug measures up to company ideals. 4. When the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, which should prevail? Explain why. When the local customs and laws conflict with the customs and laws of an organization operating abroad, both should prevail because there are laws in both cases where if you abide by one set of laws you would be violating another set. In the simulation, there was a week in July where the locals were forbidden to shave although company policy states that they must be shaven. Local and organizational laws forbid discrimination against an employee because of religious beliefs. This was a special situation because a blend of both local and organizational laws was used to rectify the situation. 5. How would you compare the issues in this simulation to the domestic legal issues discussed in your Week One readings? How should companies resolve domestic and international issues differently? The issues in this simulation compare to the domestic legal issues discussed in my Week One readings because in both instances the domestic legal issues brought up the issue of arbitration and how to use it as a forum for settling legal issues. The reading in Week One explained how to use arbitration in a domestic sense rather than international. It also explained areas that may be a bit confusing to some. Companies should resolve domestic and international issues differently by specifying which authority disputes are referred.

About Prostitution Essays

About Prostitution Essays About Prostitution Essay About Prostitution Essay Prostitution forms an age-worn but interesting chapter in the history of civilization and presents an important problem for modern society. All civilized countries have offered solutions, none of which are satisfactory, and only a few of them have even modified its baneful influence. We commonly speak of prostitution as being the oldest of the professions, but in the light of historical investigation, this is hardly in keeping with the truth. In order to understand the social construction of ‘prostitution’, we begin with common definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1989). In the English language, the word ‘prostitute’ can be used in several ways. Prostitute can be used as a noun: ‘A woman who is devoted, or (usually) who offers, her body to indiscriminate sexual intercourse, esp. for hire: a common harlot’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) or a verb: ‘To offer (oneself or another) to unlawful, esp. indiscriminate sexual intercourse, usually for hire; to devote or expose to lewdness (Chiefly refl. of a woman)’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) Dictionary descriptors of ‘prostitution’, the industry or practice, include ‘whoredom’ and ‘harlotry’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989a, p. 74). Prostitution is any, or a combination, or all of the following: a) sexual harassment b) rape c) battering d) verbal abuse e) domestic violence f) racial practice g) a violation of human rights h) childhood sexual abuse i) a consequence of male domination of women j) a means of maintaining male domination of women Dictio nary definitions provide only part of the picture. Discourses surrounding prostitution have varied greatly throughout time, demonstrating its dynamic conceptual nature. Despite these developments, particular beliefs have prevailed: for example, nineteenth-century morals have a direct influence upon the worldwide prohibition against prostitution (Perkins, 1991). The definition of a prostitute, as Rey (1851) describes her, as â€Å"a woman who allows the use of her body by any man, without distinction, for a payment, made or expected. † Havelock Ellis says practically the same thing- One who openly abandons her body to a number of men, without choice, for money. Both descriptions emphasize the fact that it is not the abundance of lovers which makes a woman a harlot, but the nature of her relationship with them- The sale of the sweet name of love. In the suppression of individual inclinations she differs from a mistress, a concubine or a polygamous wife. The Roman jurists held that the fee had nothing to do with prostitution. It was the mingling of the sexes, the lack of an individual bond between man and woman and the universal and unrestraine d gratification of sex passion that were its essential features. The fee is always contra bonus mores and not legally collectable. The mercenary side, so prominent today, is a secondary factor, resulting from the development of civilization. Remuneration is only an inevitable corollary of the consideration that a wife is the property of a man and therefore of definite value. The Profession of prostitution, says Parent Duchatelet (1836), is an evil of all times and all countries, and appears to be innate in the social structure of mankind. It will perhaps never be entirely eradicated, still all the more must we strive to limit its extent and its dangers. With prostitution itself, as with vice, crime and disease, the teacher of morals endeavors to prevent the vices, the lawgiver to prevent the crime and the physician to cure the disease. All alike know that they will never fully attain their goal but they pursue their work none the less, in the conviction that who does only a little good, yet does a great service to the weak man. The earliest discourse, based on theology and philosophy, emphasized the immorality and corruption of female souls. Nineteenth-century religious writers considered prostitution to be a ‘social evil that threatened the family as well as the social order’ (Ryan, 1997, p. 20). Prostitution later entered the closely linked medical–legal domains; criminalization of prostitution was facilitated by conceptualizing prostitution as a public health issue, stressing its role in spreadi ng infectious diseases (Ryan, 1997). During the 1970s, the prostitutes’ rights movement arose, which argued that prostitution represented a form of labor, comparable to other ‘helping’ professions, such as doctors, social workers or lawyers (Perkins and Bennett, 1985; Perkins, 1991). Moreover, it was also conceptualized as a contract between equals, having the effect of describing it as a commercial transaction: ‘In this view, individuals own their labor power and stand in relation to their property in their body and capacities in the same relation as their property as property owners’ (Jeffreys, 1997, p. 73) This view dominates the current reality of the adult prostitution sex industry. This has been evident by its largely visible status through maintaining ‘an important presence in political and sexual culture over the last decade’ (Sullivan, 1997, p. 201). It is alarming that the age of entry into prostitution is clearly geared toward younger and younger groups. Kathleen Mahoney, a professor of law in Calgary University, Canada argued in 1995, â€Å"How do we even conceptualize ‘juvenile’ prostitution, when the age of consent for legal sexual activity is constantly lowered, as in the Netherlands and the Philippines? The prehistoric period can, of course, supply us with little accurate knowledge. The earliest human records, about 4000 B. C. , make reference to it, but for anything of value, we must turn to comparative ethnology, where the customs of primitive people throw considerable light on the early stages. There seems no evidence that the elemental sex instinct, the ever-raging animal in man†, as Plato called it, has been altered in the slightest degree by all the centuries of culture and education. The advancing development of mankind in early times, brought sex attraction into close conjunction with the religious impulse, and upon this basis sprang up. A free sexual life, along with the social life, has continued to our own day. The origin of prostitution is closely connected with the rise of brothels and the development of the system of free love. No longer do all the girls, but only a certain few, offer themselves to the frequenters of houses for men. These few generally live in selected domiciles and are paid for their sex services. The common woman also offers herself to strangers and travelers, and this may be the origin of the hospitable prostitute. In Africa, through the influence of slavery, practically all prostitutes were slaves. A young woman was bought, sheltered in a special hut and required to offer herself to anyone in return for a small present, the owner of the slave receiving the earnings. In Dahomey, the King was the proprietor of all these women- a case of government control. In ancient Egypt, Arabia and Israel the courtesan was recruited from divorced and cast-off wives who wandered about from place to place. A study of racial development shows that prostitution exists among all aboriginal peoples where sexual intercourse is restricted or restrained, and that it is nothing more than a new form for the primitive mingling of the races. In its entire history it is a derivative from the free sexual life of primeval man. As Schurtz says, In all places where free love is separated from passions and their satisfaction prostitution is found. † In a civilized society, we should organize that the burden of inequalities, which underlie prostitution, should not be carried by children.

ASU Academic Calendar Essay Example

ASU Academic Calendar Essay Example ASU Academic Calendar Paper ASU Academic Calendar Paper Essay Topic: Academic Spring 2018 Session A: Monday, 01/08/2018 Tuesday, 02/27/2018 Session B: Monday, 03/12/2018 Friday, 04/27/2018 (ASU Online and iCourses may end on Tuesday, 05/01/2018) Session C: Monday, 01/08/2018 Friday, 04/27/2018 (Final Exams 04/30 05/05, 2018) Schedule of Classes Available September 18, 2017 Registration and Tuition Guide Available September 18, 2017 Registration Dates Begin ASU Online students: September 25, 2017 In-Person students: October 16, 2017 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins  (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A December 31, 2017 Session B March 4, 2018 Session C December 31, 2017 Suggested Postmark Date to Meet Payment Deadline January 11, 2018 Classes Begin Session A January 8, 2018 Session B March 12, 2018 Session C January 8, 2018 Academic Status Reports – Faculty have the opportunity to provide weekly feedback during each session.   Students can view ASRs in MyASU within 24 hours after each weekly reporting period closes on Sundays Session A Jan 8 Feb 18, 2018 Session B Mar 12 Apr 22, 2018 Session C Jan 8 Apr 22, 2018 Extended Hours (Registration Sites Only) TBD Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A January 9, 2018 Session B March 13, 2018 Session C January 14, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline January 12, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy.  Note:  If you choose to  drop a class  or  withdraw from ASU  after this deadline, you may receive a bill for the financial aid used to cover those classes. Session A January 14, 2018 Session B March 18, 2018 Session C January 21, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 9/25/17 through 1/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines January 25, 2018 Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Observed University Closed January 15, 2018 University 21st Day Session A January 29, 2018 Session B April 2, 2018 Session C January 29, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation (See also Grad Fair dates at Sun Devil Campus Bookstores) February 15, 2018 University 45th Day February 21, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 1/19/2018 through 2/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines February 25, 2018 Spring Break – Classes Excused March 4 11, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline – For registration from 2/19/2018 through 3/18/2018. For more information see Tuition and Deadlines March 25, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A January 26, 2018 Session B April 1, 2018 Session C April 1, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process.   For more information click  here. Session A February 27, 2018 Session B April 27, 2018 Session C April 27, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions (Session B ASU Online iCourses may end Tuesday, 5/1/2018) Session A February 27, 2018 Session B April 27, 2018 Session C April 27, 2018 Study Days Session A N/A Session B N/A Session C April 28 29, 2018 Final Exams Session A Last day of classes Session B Last day of classes Session C April 30 May 5, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A March 2, 2018 Session B April 30 May 7, 2018 Session C April 30 May 7, 2018 Commencement   (Graduate and Undergraduate) May 7, 2018 Degree Conferral Date May 7, 2018 Grade Replacement/Academic Standing Processing May 8 9, 2018 Summer 2018 Session A: Wednesday, 05/16/2018 Tuesday, 06/26/2018 Session B: Friday, 06/29/2018 Thursday, 08/09/2018 Session C: Wednesday, 05/16/2018 Tuesday, 07/10/2018 Schedule of Classes Available February 6, 2018 Registration Dates Begin February 7, 2018 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A May 8, 2018 Session B June 21, 2018 Session C May 8, 2018 Suggested Postmark to Meet Tuition/Fee Payment Deadline May 11, 2018 Classes Begin Session A May 16, 2018 Session B June 29, 2018 Session C May 16, 2018 Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A May 17, 2018 Session B July 2, 2018 Session C May 17, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline May 17, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy. Session A May 20, 2018 Session B July 3, 2018 Session C May 20, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration through 5/18/18, 2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. May 25, 2018 Memorial Day Observed No Classes May 28, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A June 5, 2018 Session B July 19, 2018 Session C June 5, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation June 15, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 5/19/18 through 6/18/18.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. June 25, 2018 Independence Day Observed No Classes July 4, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process. Session A June 26, 2018 Session B August 9,   2018 Session C July 10, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions Session A June 26, 2018 Session B August 9, 2018 Session C July 10, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A June 28, 2018 Session B August 11, 2018 Session C July 12, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 6/19/18 through 7/18/18.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. July 25, 2018 Degree Conferral Date August 9, 2018 Grade Replacement Processing August 13, 2018 Fall 2018 Session A: Thursday, 08/16/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 10/05/2018 Session B: Wednesday, 10/10/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 11/30/2018 Session C: Thursday, 08/16/2018   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Friday, 11/30/2018 (Final Exams 12/03/2018 12/08/2018) Schedule of Classes Available February 19, 2018 Registration and Tuition Guide Available February 19, 2018 Registration Dates Begin February 22, 2018 $50.00 Late Registration Fee Begins  (does not apply to ASU Online students) Session A August 8, 2018 Session B October 2, 2018 Session C August 8, 2018 Classes Begin Session A August 16, 2018 Session B October 10, 2018 Session C August 16, 2018 Academic Status Reports – Faculty have the opportunity to provide weekly feedback during each session.   Students can view ASRs in MyASU within 24 hours after each weekly reporting period closes on Sunday. Session A Aug 16 Sept 30, 2018 Session B Oct 10 Nov 25, 2018 Session C Aug 16 Nov 25, 2018 Extended Hours (Registration Sites Only) TBD Last Day to Register or Drop/Add Without College Approval Session A August 17, 2018 Session B October 11, 2018 Session C August 22, 2018 Residency Classification Petition Deadline August 22, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration through 8/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. August 25, 2018 Labor Day Observed University Closed September 3, 2018 Tuition Fees 100% Refund Deadline For more information see  Tuition and Refund Policy.  Note:  If you choose to  drop a class  or  withdraw from ASU  after this deadline, you may receive a bill for the financial aid used to cover those classes. Session A August 22, 2018 Session B October 16, 2018 Session C August 29, 2018 University 21st Day Session A September 5, 2018 Session B October 30, 2018 Session C September 5, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 8/19/2018 through 9/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. September 25, 2018 University 45th Day September 29, 2018 Deadline to Apply for Graduation October 1, 2018 Fall Break – Classes Excused October 6 October 9, 2018 Tuition Fee Payment Deadline   For registration from 9/19/2018 through 10/18/2018.   For more information see  Tuition and Deadlines. October 25, 2018 Course Withdrawal Deadline Session A September 5, 2018 Session B October 30, 2018 Session C October 31, 2018 Veterans Day Observed University Closed November 12, 2018 Thanksgiving Holiday Observed University Closed November 22 23, 2018 Complete Session Withdrawal Deadline As part of a complete session withdrawal a student must withdraw from all classes in a session.   Beginning the first day of classes, undergraduate students are required to contact their college/school  to facilitate the withdrawal process. Session A October 5, 2018 Session B November 30, 2018 Session C November 30, 2018 Classes End/ Last Day to Process Transactions Session A October 5, 2018 Session B November 30, 2018 Session C November 30, 2018 Study Days Session A N/A Session B N/A Session C December 1 2, 2018 Final Exams Session A Last day of classes Session B Last day of classes Session C December 3 8, 2018 Final Grades Due Session A October 8, 2018 Session B December 3 10, 2018 Session C December 3 10, 2018 Commencement   (Graduate and Undergraduate) December 10, 2018 Degree Conferral Date December 10, 2018 Grade Replacement/Academic Standing Processing December 11 12, 2018 Holiday Break University Closed December 24-25, 2018

Aristotle view friendship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aristotle view friendship - Essay Example According to Tutuska, Aristotle described friendship of utility as the one that is for the old and that it is easily dissolved. He also described it as acquaintance since it is based on something that is introduced into the relationship by the other person. He described friendship of pleasure as the one that is normally built among the young people as it has great influences from the pleasures and passions that are in their lives. Tutuska explains that these types of friendship are unstable and that they are bound to change with time which leads to dissolving of the friendship. Aristotle explains that the only difference between friendship of utility and that of pleasure is that people in friendship of pleasure seeks for something that is pleasant to them at the moment whereas those seeking friendship of utility are looking for a business deal or long term benefits. It can also be identified that the bonds between individuals in friendship of utility are very weak and this leads to i t being easily dissolved. Tutuska goes ahead to describe the third type of friendship as that friendship of virtue. Aristotle termed this as the highest friendship that one can achieve as it is based on the fact that a person wishes the best their friends regardless of utility or pleasure. Aristotle calls it as a sort that is complete as it exists between people who are good and are alike in virtue. He terms it as a friendship that is long lasting and that it is tough to obtain as these types of people are hard to come by as it takes someone to do a lot of work to have virtuous friendship. Virtuous friendship requires a lot of time and care to be spent and therefore it limits the number of friends that can be found in it. Friendship of virtue is felt among the good people and that it is resistant to slander. The main reasons that Aristotle values friendship so much is that friendship supersedes honour and justice. He argues that there is no any person who would wish to stay without a friend. He also says that those people who are in leadership and are given a great deal of power are in dire need of friendship and that law makers tend to take friendship with a lot of seriousness than justice. He terms friendship as glue that holds cities together and that it is beautiful by itself. Aristotle also argues that friendship can be enjoyed since it is choiceworthy for its own sake and that it is something that is much greater that being honoured (Tutuska 353-355). Aristotle explains that it takes character to maintain virtuous friendships which helps in maintaining a solid community as communities are built around friendship. He also argues that virtuous friendships are very few and that friendships of utility and that of pleasure are the ones that keep the cities together. This makes it clear to us that there is still the need to retain honour and justice within friendships. Ways in which friendship shape our public activity Friendship can be termed as a relationshi p that exists among people who are in good terms with each other as explained above. This means that when handling any activity in public, a person will be keen to take care of the feeling of other people. Therefore, people will avoid any speech or activity that can lead to any form of violence among the co-existing communities. This helps in the development of any nation as the environment that will be created in a peaceful nation will

Birthright Citizenship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birthright Citizenship - Research Paper Example The current interpretation was intended to reflect the population policy of the state. In the initial years of the American nation, there was inadequate work force to power development in the country. Therefore, the government adopted an approach that increased the chances of becoming American citizens. In those times, there were no requirements. In fact, even the property ownership principles were different. For example, due to the perception that America was virtually empty, the original settlers just camped on the site and then obtained the necessary paperwork. These laws have since changed to reflect the changing times. While all people who landed in America had a choice to stay and automatically become citizens, immigration laws have limited acquisition of citizenship (Lacey par 5). The only remaining aspect is birthright citizenship. There are propositions that there are better models of granting citizenship to people who live in the United States. For example, before a person is granted birthright citizenship, their parents, or at least one of them, would be required to be an American citizen. In this way, all children born to alien parents have to acquire citizenship in other ways. In this way, the issue of mothers timing their deliveries to coincide with visits to the country would no longer be a problem. At this point, it is relevant to understand the motivation behind strict control of immigration. Over the years, the American population has grown rapidly. This growth was fuelled by immigration, especially from Europe. However, the current population is exceeding the ability of the countries resources. For example, there are people who blame the presence of immigrant in the country for the poor wage structures and thus for reduced standards of living. There are many flaws to this model, but for this paper, it will be adopted because it is influential to the population policies adopted by the